Zévy (Tridacnidae) jsou mezi mořskými mlži výjimečné velikostí i způsobem získávání potravy. V jejich plášti se vyskytují mikroskopické řasy zooxantely, které fotosyntézou produkují sacharidy, o něž se dělí s hostitelem. Za nápadné zbarvení pláště vděčí zévy zooxantelám a specializovaným buňkám iridocytům., Giant clams (Tridacnidae) are exceptional among sea clams for their size and the way they acquire food. On their shells microscopic zooxanthella algae occur, producing saccharides through photosynthesis, which they share with the host. The conspicuous coloring of the shells is due to the clams’ zooxanthellae and specialized iridocyte cells., and Nicole Černohorská.
Cílem studie je prozkoumat, zda lze tvrzení valenční teorie volebního chování ohledně motivací a důvodů volební účasti potvrdit na základě odpovědí na otevřenou otázku ohledně hlavního důvodu volební neúčasti. Konkrétně byla studována tvrzení, která se týkají konstrukce očekávaného užitku z volební účasti. K prozkoumání výše uvedených tvrzení valenční teorie ohledně motivací volební neúčasti byly využity otevřené otázky z pěti povolebních dotazníkových šetřeních konaných v Česku mezi lety 2004 a 2010. Výsledky ukazují, že nevoliči uvažují v dimenzích, které valenční teorie předpokládá. Ta totiž pro volební účast vyžaduje, aby jedinec očekával užitek z hlasování pro konkrétní stranu; tento užitek může být důsledkem jak pozičních, tak valenčních úvah. Analýza odpovědí na otevřené otázky ukázala, že hlavním důvodem neúčasti je to, že jedinci nenacházejí užitek z hlasování ve volbách a to za řady důvodů: malý význam politiky v jejich životě, jsou přesvědčení, že hlasováním nic neovlivní, nevědí pro koho hlasovat a nedůvěřují politikům., The aim of the study is to explore the valence theory’s account of voter turnout using open-ended questions which measured the main reason given by voters for electoral abstention. The focus was on the claim of the valence theory concerning the respondent’s expected benefit from participating in an election. Data from five post-election studies undertaken between 2004 and 2010 are analysed. The empirical results reveal that electoral abstention is explained by four key factors. Voters and non-voters differ as valence theory suggests because the latter exhibit less interest in politics, less trust in politicians and parties, less knowledge of who to vote for, and a feeling that voting does not change anything. These empirical results are consonant with the predictions made by valence theory and demonstrate that electoral participation is strongly determined by expected benefits., and Lukáš Linek.
The widely accepted cause of the collapse of the World Trade Center (WTC) towers in New York on Sept. 11, 2001, has been confirmed mathematically and firmly supported by mechanical analysis. Some lay critics, however, still question the conclusions of this analysis, even without presenting any meaningful calculations. They blame the collapse on a controlled demolition, implying a conspiracy by the republican government. many mass media outlets, including Czech ones, blindly gave this misinformation wide publicity. The present invited article summarizes why the collapse was a spontaneous and inevitable result of aircraft impact, and how this fact is explained and confirmed by mathematical analysis of the mechanics of collapse, and by numerous observed data., Zdeněk P. Bažant, Milan Jirásek., and Obsahuje bibliografii
This contribution gives a brief description of the characteristics of spectral lines formed in the solar chromosphere in the visual range and its continuum in the visual, millimetre, and sub-millimetre (mm-submm) spectral range. The contribution reviews processes responsible for continuum radiation of the limb in the visual range and continua in the mm-submm spectral range. The spectral lines of sodium doublet Na I D1 and D2 are not genuine chromospheric lines since their cores are formed predominately by resonant scattering of radiation from the upper photosphere. Therefore, the cores of Na I D1 and D2 provide information only about chromospheric velocities. An occurrence of the doublet Na I D1, D2 together with helium lines with large excitation and ionization potential indicates an intricate thermodynamic structure of the chromosphere. As numerical simulations indicate, the chromospheric internetwork comprises of cooler cavities surrounded with hotter sheets allowing the occurrence of spectral lines over a large range of excitation and ionization potentials. The contribution accentuates the large diagnostic potential of the mm-submm continua of the chromospheric spectrum. It will be fully exploited after finishing of the ALMA array for the study of the chromospheric fine structure with large angular and temporal resolution., Príspevok podáva stručnú charakteristiku čiarového spektra slnečnej chromosféry vo vizuálnej oblasti a jej spojitého spektra (kontinua) vo vizuálnej, milimetrovej a submilimetrovej (mm-submm) oblasti. Príspevok predstavuje procesy tvoriace vizuálne kontinuum pozorovatel'né na limbe a kontinuá v mm-submm oblasti. Čiary sodíkového dubletu NA I D1 a D2 nie sú v pravom slova zmysle chromosférické, pretože ich jadrá sú tvorené hlavne rezonančným rozptylom žiarenia hornej fotosféry, a preto poskytujú informáciu iba o rýchlostných poliach v chromosfére. Výskyt dubletu Na I D1 a D2 spolu s čiarami hélia s veľkou excitačnou a ionizačnou energiou naznačuje zložitú termodynamickú štruktúru chromosféry. Ako ukazujú numerické simulácie, chromosféra sa v oblastiach mimo magnetickej siete skládá z chladnejších oblastí obalených horúcou látkou, čo umožňuje vznik spektrálnych čiar vo vel'kom rozsahu excitačných a ionizačných energií. Príspevok poukazuje na vel'ký diagnostický potenciál kontinuí v mm-submm oblasti spektra chromosféry, ktorý bude naplno využitý po dokončení rádioteleskopu ALMA pri štúdiu jemnej štruktúry chromosféry s vel'mi vel'kým uhlovým a časovým rozlíšením., Július Koza., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Cultural historian and ethnographer Čeněk Zíbrt, scientist, university professor and editor of popular periodicals, entered the awareness of his contemporaries as a prominent, erudite specialist. As such he had been accepted not only in Bohemia, but also in Moravia. To his fame contributed also his role of an editor of the ethnographic journal „Český lid“ [Czech Folk], published since the year 1892. Precisely for the Moravian ethnographes the contacts with this journal and with Zíbrt himself were of multilateral importance. They were sending him their publications, books and various treatises to be reviewed or propagated in Český lid. Themselves they also contributed to the journal with their articles, texts of varied quality and different genres, extensive studies, shorter articles and various bagatelles. An important contribution represented also the illustrations, sent from Moravia by artistically competent ethnographers and photographers. Český lid, on the other hand, offered a welcome source of income to many authors. However, Zíbrt selected carefully from the contributions sent by the ethnographers, so many of them waited long for the publication of their article. Many of the contributors asked their texts and illustrations to be returned to them, sometimes not successfully. Such inauspicious experiences with publicating in Český lid resulted in limitation of contacts of some ethnographers with Zíbrt. In špite of this, the majority of them appreciated the periodical very much. This fact was documented also by their not pretended joy from the renewal of Český lid in the 1920 ’s. Zíbrt, editor of the renewed journal, was contacted by new or renewed contributors.