The article focuses on the relationship between the United States of America and the Kingdom of Thailand before and after World War II. The author first seeks to show how this relationship developed in the 19th and early 20th centuries and what the salient characteristics of it were. The second part of the article describes the American attitude toward Thailand during the war and the importance of wartime events for the future of the Thai-American relationship. Finally, the closing section deals mainly with the postwar developments and the reasons for the emergence of the strategic partnership between Bangkok and Washington. Attention is paid to the motivations and expectations of both sides, as it relates to their cooperation. The aim of the article is mainly to show the changed nature of this bilateral relationship, resulting from World War II and events that followed closely in its wake. It also seeks to point out that the common struggle against communism, although important in later years, was neither the sole nor the prevalent reason for the newly emerging American interest in Thailand in the immediate postwar period.
Security mechanisms for wireless sensor networks (WSN) face a great challenge due to the restriction of their small sizes and limited energy. Hence, many protocols for WSN are not designed with the consideration of security. Chaotic cryptosystems have the advantages of high security and little cost of time and space, so this paper proposes a secure cluster routing protocol based on chaotic encryption as well as a conventional symmetric encryption scheme. First, a principal-subordinate chaotic function called N-Logistic-tent is proposed. Data range is thus enlarged as compared to the basic Logistic map and the security is enhanced. In addition, the computation is easier, which does not take much resource. Then, a secure protocol is designed based on it. Most of communication data are encrypted by chaotic keys except the initialization by the base station. Analysis shows that the security of the protocol is improved with a low cost, and it has a balance between resource and security.
We characterize totally ordered sets within the class of all ordered sets containing at least four-element chains. We use a simple relationship between their isotone transformations and the so called 1-endomorphism which is introduced in the paper. Later we describe 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-homomorphisms of ordered sets in the language of super strong mappings.
In the class of real hypersurfaces M²n−¹ isometrically immersed into a nonflat complex space form Mn(c) of constant holomorphic sectional curvature c (≠ 0) which is either a complex projective space ℂPn(c) or a complex hyperbolic space ℂHn(c) according as c > 0 or c < 0, there are two typical examples. One is the class of all real hypersurfaces of type (A) and the other is the class of all ruled real hypersurfaces. Note that the former example are Hopf manifolds and the latter are non-Hopf manifolds. In this paper, inspired by a simple characterization of all ruled real hypersurfaces in Mn(c), we consider a certain real hypersurface of type (A2) in ℂPn(c) and give a geometric characterization of this Hopf manifold., Byung Hak Kim, In-Bae Kim, Sadahiro Maeda., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The notion of ˜ℓ-stability is defined using the lower Dini directional derivatives and was introduced by the authors in their previous papers. In this paper we prove that the class of ˜ℓ-stable functions coincides with the class of C1,1 functions. This also solves the question posed by the authors in SIAM J. Control Optim. 45 (1) (2006), pp. 383–387.
A basic algebra is an algebra of the same type as an MV-algebra and it is in a one-to-one correspondence to a bounded lattice having antitone involutions on its principal filters. We present a simple criterion for checking whether a basic algebra is commutative or even an MV-algebra.
Let $G\subset {\bf SU}(2,1)$ be a non-elementary complex hyperbolic Kleinian group. If $G$ preserves a complex line, then $G $ is $\mathbb {C}$-Fuchsian; if $ G $ preserves a Lagrangian plane, then $ G $ is $\mathbb {R}$-Fuchsian; $ G $ is Fuchsian if $ G $ is either $\mathbb {C}$-Fuchsian or $\mathbb {R}$-Fuchsian. In this paper, we prove that if the traces of all elements in $ G $ are real, then $ G $ is Fuchsian. This is an analogous result of Theorem V.G. 18 of B. Maskit, Kleinian Groups, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1988, in the setting of complex hyperbolic isometric groups. As an application of our main result, we show that $ G $ is conjugate to a subgroup of ${\bf S}(U(1)\times U(1,1))$ or ${\bf SO}(2,1)$ if each loxodromic element in $G $ is hyperbolic. Moreover, we show that the converse of our main result does not hold by giving a $\mathbb {C}$-Fuchsian group.
By the interval function of a finite connected graph we mean the interval function in the sense of H. M. Mulder. This function is very important for studying properties of a finite connected graph which depend on the distance between vertices. The interval function of a finite connected graph was characterized by the present author. The interval function of an infinite connected graph can be defined similarly to that of a finite one. In the present paper we give a characterization of the interval function of each connected graph.
Let $G$ be a finite group and $\pi _{e}(G)$ be the set of element orders of $G$. Let $k \in \pi _{e}(G)$ and $m_{k}$ be the number of elements of order $k$ in $G$. Set ${\rm nse}(G):=\{m_{k}\colon k \in \pi _{e}(G)\}$. In fact ${\rm nse}(G)$ is the set of sizes of elements with the same order in $G$. In this paper, by ${\rm nse}(G)$ and order, we give a new characterization of finite projective special linear groups $L_{2}(p)$ over a field with $p$ elements, where $p$ is prime. We prove the following theorem: If $G$ is a group such that $|G|=|L_{2}(p)|$ and ${\rm nse}(G)$ consists of $1$, $p^{2}-1$, $p(p+\epsilon )/2$ and some numbers divisible by $2p$, where $p$ is a prime greater than $3$ with $p \equiv 1$ modulo $4$, then $G \cong L_{2}(p)$.
If (M,∇) is a manifold with a symmetric linear connection, then T*M can be endowed with the natural Riemann extension g¯ (O. Kowalski and M. Sekizawa (2011), M. Sekizawa (1987)). Here we continue to study the harmonicity with respect to g¯g¯ initiated by C. L.Bejan and O.Kowalski (2015). More precisely, we first construct a canonical almost para-complex structure PP on (T*M, g¯) and prove that P is harmonic (in the sense of E.Garciá-Río, L.Vanhecke and M. E.Vázquez-Abal (1997)) if and only if g¯ reduces to the classical Riemann extension introduced by E.M. Patterson and A.G. Walker (1952)., Cornelia-Livia Bejan, Şemsi Eken., and Obsahuje bibliografii