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1122. Laboratory rearing of Sycanus annulicornis (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) on two species of prey: Differences in its biology and efficiency as a predator of the nettle caterpillar pest Setothosea asigna (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae)

Creator:
Sahid, Abdul, Natawigena, Wahyu D, Hersanti, and Sudarjat
Format:
print, počítač, and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
polokřídlí, zákeřnicovití, motýli, Hemiptera, Reduviidae, butterflies, Sycanus annulicornis, Lepidoptera, Limacodidae, Setothosea asigna, laboratory rearing, Crocidolomia pavonana, Tenebrio molitor, different prey diets, biological parameters, predatory ability, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
Setothosea asigna van Eecke is a dominant defoliator pest in oil palm plantations. To control this pest, a generalist predatory bug, Sycanus annulicornis Dohrn, was used as it is easy to rear on several different species of prey. In this study, we evaluated the influence of different prey on the biology and the ability of S. annulicornis to attack and kill the nettle caterpillar pest S. asigna. Based on laboratory rearing, the larvae of Crocidolomia pavonana F. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is a suitable prey for both the growth and development of S. annulicornis, as its nymphal development is shorter (74.0 ± 7.3 days) and adult longevity longer (81.0 ± 9.0 days for male and 64.8 ± 12.4 days for female, respectively) than when reared on the larvae of Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) (44.0 ± 16.7 days for male and 52.6 ± 14.4 days for female). However, S. annulicornis reared on T. molitor larvae attacked 2.0-2.2 larvae of S. asigna per day, which is more than the 1.6-1.7 larvae per day of those reared on C. pavonana, which indicates that the larvae of T. molitor are a more effective diet for rearing S. annulicornis as biocontrol agent for the S. asigna., Abdul Sahid, Wahyu D. Natawigena, Hersanti, Sudarjat., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

1123. Laboratory studies on intraguild predation and cannibalism among coccinellid larvae (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Creator:
Rondoni, Gabriele, Onofri, Andrea, and Ricci, Carlo
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Coccinellidae, Harmonia axyridis, intraguild predation, biological control, invasive species, Italy, interval-censored survival analysis, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
1_Intraguild predation (IGP) and cannibalism occur in the field and could affect the dominance structure of guilds of coccinellid species. The exotic biological control agent Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is now well established in most areas of Northern and Central Italy, but it is unclear what effect this species could have on native dominant and non-dominant coccinellids with which it co-occurs. In order to predict the trophic interactions in coccinellid guilds and the likely effect of H. axyridis, the incidence of IGP and cannibalism among the following six species were evaluated under laboratory conditions: H. axyridis, three native dominant species, Adalia bipunctata (L.), Oenopia conglobata (L.) and Coccinella septempunctata L. and two native non-dominant species, Platynaspis luteorubra (Goeze) and Scymnus apetzi (Mulsant). Unfed and fed fourth instar larvae of the above species were paired in an experimental arena and the incidence of predation recorded over a period of 24 h. In absence of aphids, the survival probabilities (SP) of A. bipunctata and O. conglobata were lowest when paired with either C. septempunctata or H. axyridis (< 0.20 SP after 24 h). The SP of C. septempunctata was similar if paired with either a conspecific larva or H. axyridis (< 0.34 SP after 24 h) and that of H. axyridis was reduced similarly if paired with either a conspecific larva or C. septempunctata (> 0.71 SP after 24 h). The SP of P. luteorubra was lower when paired with A. bipunctata and C. septempunctata (< 0.07 SP after 24 h) than with other species and that of S. apetzi was greatly reduced when paired with all the dominant and exotic species (< 0.27 SP after 24h)., 2_In presence of aphids no predatory events occurred in most combinations. H. axyridis acted as a strong predator of native dominant and non-dominant coccinellids when the aphids are scarce. We did not find any evidence, however, that the incidence of IGP among exotic and native species is higher than either IGP or cannibalism in native species. The likelihood of IGP occurring in the field is discussed., Gabriele Rondoni, Andrea Onofri, Carlo Ricci., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

1124. Lakušníky - výkladní skříň evoluce skrytá v našich vodách

Creator:
Prančl, Jan
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
article, text, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Biologické vědy, biologie, vodní rostliny, evoluce (biologie), vodní biotopy, water plants, biology, evolution (biology), water biotopes, lakušníky, Batrachium, Ranunculus, water-crowfoots, 2, and 57/59
Language:
Czech
Description:
Lakušníky (Batrachium) patří k nejpozoruhodnějším rostlinám naší vodní flóry. Vyznačují se svéráznými adaptacemi na rozmanité vodní biotopy po morfologické i reprodukční stránce. Patří k taxonomicky nejkomplikovanějším skupinám vodních rostlin, s oblibou navzájem hybridizují a jejich evoluční historie je neobyčejně spletitá. Reprodukční systém jednotlivých druhů i charakter mezidruhové hybridizace je silně ovlivněn rozdílnou velikostí květů u jednotlivých druhů. Některé morfologicky definované druhy ve skutečnosti zahrnují několik kryptických taxonů, které se mohou lišit svým rozšířením. and In Europe, water-crowfoots (Ranunculus subg. Batrachium) are among the most taxonomically challenging plant groups. They are characterized by peculiar morphological and reproductive adaptations to the water environment. Because of frequent hybridization, their evolutionary history is extremely complicated. The species differ in flower size and the mode of reproduction. Several morphologically defined species include cryptic taxa, which may also differ in their geographic distribution.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

1125. Lalokoploutvé ryby

Creator:
Přikryl, Tomáš
Type:
article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, zoologie, ryby, obojživelníci, plazi, paleontologie, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, paleontology, 2, and 59
Language:
Czech
Description:
K lalokoploutvým rybám lze vysledovat původ nejstarších čtvernožců (tetrapodů). Přestože dnes přežívají jen dva druhy rodu latimerie (Latimeria), v minulosti tyto ryby představovaly poměrně úspěšnou skupinu vodních obratlovců. Článek popisuje hlavní znaky jednotlivých skupin a jejich minulost., Fossil lobe-finned fishes can be traced as direct ancestors of the first terrestrial tetrapods. Although two species of one genus (coelacanths Latimeria chalumnae and L. menadoensis) have survived to these days, the lobe-finned fishes formed a successful group of aquatic vertebrates in the past. The main features and history of their subgroups are described., and Tomáš Přikryl.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

1127. Landmark and outline-based geometric morphometrics analysis of three Stomoxys flies (Diptera: Muscidae)

Creator:
Changbunjong, Tanasak, Sumruayphol, Suchada, Weluwanarak, Thekhawet, Ruangsittichai, Jiraporn, and Dujardin, Jean-Pierre
Format:
print, počítač, and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
muscidae, landmarks, outlines, Stomoxys pullus, Stomoxys uruma, Stomoxys indicus, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
Adult flies of the genus Stomoxys Geoffroy, 1762 (Diptera: Muscidae), especially S. pullus Austen, 1909, S. uruma Shinonaga et Kano, 1966 and S. indicus Picard, 1908, are morphologically similar and sometimes difficult to distinguish when using external morphological characteristics. These species may act as vectors and/or potential vectors of many pathogens (virus, bacteria and protozoa). Their correct identification is important to target the vectors involved in the transmission of the pathogens and also helps in the fly control program.The aim of the present study was to distinguish three species which are difficult to separate using traditional diagnostic characters for species of Stomoxys such as colour patterns and body proportions. Modern morphometrics, both landmark and outline-based, was used to access wing geometry of S. pullus, S. uruma and S. indicus. A total of 198 and 190 wing pictures were analysed for landmark- and outline-based approaches, respectively. Wing shape was able to separate species and sexes of the three Stomoxys flies with highly significant difference of Mahalanobis distances. The cross-validated classification scores ranged from 76% to 100% for landmark and 77% to 96% for outline-based morphometrics. The geometry of wing features appears to be a very useful, low-cost tool to distinguish among the vectors S. pullus, S. uruma and S. indicus. and Tanasak Changbunjong, Suchada Sumruayphol, Thekhawet Weluwanarak, Jiraporn Ruangsittichai, Jean-Pierre Dujardin.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

1128. Landscape structure affects activity density, body size and fecundity of Pardosa wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae) in winter oilseed rape

Creator:
Drapela, Thomas, Frank, Thomas, Heer, Xaver, Moser, Dietmar, and Zaller, Johann G.
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, entomologie, agroecology, Araneae, Lycosidae, Pardosa agrestis, generalist predator, Brassica napus, oilseed rape, landscape, multiple spatial scales, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
In large parts of Europe Pardosa spp. (Lycosidae) are among the most abundant wolf spiders in arable fields and potentially important natural control agents of pests. We studied the influence of landscape factors on activity density, adult body size and fecundity of P. agrestis in 29 winter oilseed rape fields (Brassica napus L.) in Eastern Austria using pitfall traps. Landscape data were obtained for eight circular landscape sections around each field (radii 250-2000 m). Multivariate regression models were used to analyze the data. Activity density was highest when the length of strips of grassy road-sides in the surroundings was highest and distance to the next grassy fallow lowest. Body size was negatively related to activity density and to the length of road-side strips and positively to woody areas in the vicinity of the fields. Clutch size was unrelated to any of the landscape factors tested but was positively correlated with female body size. Woody areas and grassy fallow in the close vicinity of the fields had a positive influence on number of offspring per female and total number of offspring. These results indicate that various non-crop components in the landscape surrounding oilseed rape fields can specifically influence the activity density and fitness-related traits of P. agrestis in crops. The possible role of Pardosa spp. in natural pest control is discussed. and Thomas Drapela, Thomas Frank, Xaver Heer, Dietmar Moser, Johann G. Zaller.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

1129. Lanthanum improves salt tolerance of maize seedlings

Creator:
Liu, R. Q., Xu, X. J., Wang, S., and Shan, C. J.
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
fotosyntéza, photosynthesis, antioxidant enzyme, lanthanum chloride, salinity, Zea mays, 2, and 581
Language:
Multiple languages
Description:
In this study, the effects of lanthanum were investigated on contents of pigments, chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence, antioxidative enzymes, and biomass of maize seedlings under salt stress. The results showed that salt stress significantly decreased the contents of Chl and carotenoids, maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), photochemical quenching (qP), and quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII), net photosynthetic rate (P N), and biomass. Salt stress increased nonphotochemical quenching (qN), the activities of ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and the contents of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide compared with control. Pretreatment with lanthanum prior to salt stress significantly enhanced the contents of Chl and carotenoids, Fv/Fm, qP, qN, ΦPSII, P N, biomass, and activities of the above antioxidant enzymes compared with the salt-stressed plants. Pretreatment with lanthanum also significantly reduced the contents of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide induced by salt stress. Our results suggested that lanthanum can improve salt tolerance of maize seedlings by enhancing the function of photosynthetic apparatus and antioxidant capacity., R. Q. Liu, X. J. Xu, S. Wang, C. J. Shan., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

1130. Larval crowding leads to unusual reaction norms for size and time at maturity in a geometrid moth (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

Creator:
Vellau, Helen and Tammaru, Toomas
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Lepidoptera, Geometridae, reaction norm, larval crowding, size and time at maturity, Ematurga atomaria, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
The theory of life history evolution generally predicts a negative across-environment correlation between development time and size at maturity in response to variations in environmental quality. Deviations from this pattern occur under specific circumstances. In particular, organisms may mature both early and at a small size when (1) some ultimate change (e.g. time constraint, resource exhaustion) in the environment precludes further growth, or (2) when there are predictable among-environment differences in mortality rates. The first scenario is frequently documented in insects but evidence for the second possibility is scarce. Here we report a crowding-induced plastic response resulting in a clear positive across-environment correlation between final weight and development time in a geometrid moth. The response was apparent during the entire larval period and in the last larval instar. Crowding also led to increased growth rates. As outbreaks have not been reported for this species it is unlikely that early pupation is a response to anticipated food shortage. Instead, we suggest that crowded larvae may perceive a higher risk of predation, perhaps because they are unable to distinguish conspecifics from potential predators. A possibility for a plastic increase in growth rate implies that the uncrowded larvae grow at submaximal rates, which indicates a cost of high growth rate., Helen Vellau, Toomas Tammaru., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

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