a1_The recomposition of deforested environments demands the acclimation of seedlings in nurseries. This process induces changes in physiological, anatomical, and morphological traits of plants, favouring their establishment after transplantation to the field. The present study aimed to verify the influence of full-sun acclimation on seedling hardiness. For the purpose, leaf gas-exchange, plant anatomical and morphological parameters of three tree species [Ceiba speciosa (A. St.-Hil.) Ravenna (Malvaceae), Croton floribundus Spreng. (Euphorbiaceae), and Cecropia pachystachya Trecul (Urticaceae)], which are used for reforestation in the Brazilian Atlantic biome, were evaluated. Seedlings were grown under 40% of total PPFD (shaded control) and under full sun (acclimated) for 168 days. The acclimation process induced a higher leaf production rate in C. speciosa and C. floribundus, whereas C. pachystachya seedlings replaced their leaves quickly, irrespective of the light conditions. The newly developed leaves of all three species presented a lower area and thicker palisade parenchyma, resulting in a reduced specific leaf area. The seedlings of C. speciosa and C. pachystachya showed increases in light-saturated net photosynthesis and transpiration rates, whereas water-use efficiency generally remained unchanged in all three species. The full-sun acclimated seedlings of C. pachystachya showed a reduced relative growth rate, lower height/stem diameter (H/D) and shoot to root dry mass ratios, characteristics that may result in greater physical resistance and ability for water and nutrient uptake to support the higher transpiratory demand under full sun. The reduction of the H/D ratio also occurred in the acclimated seedlings of C. speciosa., a2_The seedlings of C. floribundus showed few changes during acclimation, but they did not seem to be affected by excessive light. In spite of the observed differences among the three species, all of them developed hardiness characteristics, mainly related to leaf anatomy, which should favour their establishment after transplantation to the field., A. K. Calzavara, E. Bianchini, T. Mazzanatti, H. C. Oliveira,
R. Stolf-Moreira, J. A. Pimenta., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Morphological and ecophysiological traits showed by male and female Populus tomentosa Carr. trees were studied under various degrees of water and alkaline stresses. The results showed that different adaptations to drought and alkaline stresses were adopted by each gender; males possessed a much higher tolerance to both stresses compared to females. In contrast to females, the males exhibited a lower inhibition in total biomass, total leaf area, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, leaf carbon and nitrogen concentrations as well as water- and nitrogen-use efficiency in response to drought and alkaline stresses. Nevertheless, compared to the males, the females showed a higher plasticity in root biomass/shoot biomass ratio, fine root/coarse root ratio, and intrinsic water-use efficiency, indicating that the males and females differed in some of trade-offs between growth and stress defence to maximize water and nitrogen gains under both stress conditions., Y. W. Lu, X. L. Miao, Q. Y. Song, S. M. Peng, B. L. Duan., and Obsahuje bibliografii
This study aimed to investigate the effects of waterlogging on the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of paired near-isogenic lines of waterlogging-tolerant (Zz-R) and waterlogging-sensitive
(Zz-S) waxy corn inbred line seedlings. All plants were grown until the fifth leaves were fully expanded. Subsequently the plants in the pots were submerged in water for 4 d. During the waterlogging period, morphological and photosynthetic parameters related to waterlogging tolerance were examined. After 4 d, a significant decrease was observed in shoot and root fresh mass, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration, water-use efficiency, light-saturation point, maximal photosynthetic rate, apparent quantum yield, maximal quantum yield of PSII, and effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry in waterlogged plants of both genotypes. The Zz-R genotype showed lesser reduction in all mentioned indices when compared to the Zz-S genotype. The inhibition of photosynthesis under waterlogging occurred due to the reduction in stomatal conductance, fluorescence parameters, and chlorophyll content. Thus, our study revealed that the Zz-R genotype can be a source of genetic diversity for important traits such as morphological and photosynthetic parameters., M. Zhu, F. H. Li, Z. S. Shi., and Obsahuje bibliografii
This study was performed to evaluate the ecophysiological acclimation of Catalpa bungei plantlets to different light conditions. We hypothesized that the acclimation of old and newly developed leaves to both increasing and decreasing irradiance should follow different patterns. The growth, photosynthesis, chlorophyll (Chl) content, and Chl fluorescence response were examined over a range of light treatments. The plants were grown under fixed light intensities of 80% (HH), 50% (MM), 30% (LL) of sun light and transferring irradiance of 80% to 50% (HM), 80% to 30% (HL), 30% to 50% (LM) and 30% to 80% (LH). For old leaves, light-saturation point, photosynthetic capacity, dark respiration rate of LH were lower than that of HH, while HL were higher than LL, indicating that light-response parameters were affected by the original growth light environment. Initial fluorescence increased and variable fluorescence decreased in LH and LM after transfer, and the PSII damage was more serious in LH than that in LM, and could not recover within 30 d. It suggested that the photoinhibition damage and recovery time in old leaves was related to the intensity of light after transfer. For the newly emerged leaves with leaf primordia formed under the same light environment, a significant difference was observed in leaf morphology and pigment contents, suggesting that previous light environment exhibited carry-over effect on the acclimation capacity to a new light environment. Our result showed that thinning and pruning intensity should be considered in plantation management, because great changes in light intensity may cause photoinhibition in shade-adapted leaves., J. W. Wu, Y. Su, J. H. Wang, Q. He, Q. Qiu, J. W. Ma, J. Y. Li., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The recognition of aquatic organisms plays a crucial role in the monitoring of the pollution and for the adoption of rapid preventive actions. A compact microscopic optical imaging system is proposed in order to acquire and treat the multibands fluorescence of several pigments in phytoplankton organisms. Two algorithms for automatic recognition of phytoplankton were proposed with a minimum number of calibration parameters. The first algorithm provides a morphological recognition based on "watershed" segmentation and Fourier descriptors, while the second one builds fluorescence pigment images by "k-means" partition of intensity ratios. The operation of these algorithms was illustrated by the study of two different organisms: a cyanobacteria (Dolichospermum sp.) and an alga (Cladophora sp.). The family and the genus of these organisms were then classified into a database which is independent of the size, the orientation and the position of the specimens in the images., M. Lauffer, F. Genty, S. Margueron, J. L. Collette., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The riparian forests along the Tarim River, habitats for Populus euphratica establishment, are subjected to frequent flooding. To elucidate adaptive strategies that enable this species to occupy the riparian ecosystem subjected to seasonal or permanent water-logging, we examined functional characteristics of plant growth, xylem water relations, leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll (Chl) content and fluorescence, soluble sugar and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in P. euphratica seedlings flooded for 50 d. Although flooded seedlings kept absorbing carbon throughout the experiment, their shoot and root growth rates were lower than in non-flooded seedlings. The reduced leaf gas exchange and quantum efficiency of PSII of flooded seedlings resulted possibly from the reduction in total Chl content. Content of soluble sugar and malondialdehyde in leaves were higher in flooded than in control seedlings. Soil flooding induced hypertrophy of lenticels and increased a stem diameter. These responses were responsible for species survival as well as its success in this seasonally flooded riparian zone. Our results indicate that P. euphratica is relatively flood-tolerant due to a combination of morphological, physiological, and biochemical adjustments, which may support its dominance in the Tarim riparian forest., B. Yu, C. Y. Zhao, J. Li, J. Y. Li, G. Peng., and Obsahuje bibliografii
a1_Imaging the four fluorescence bands of leaves, the red (F690) and far-red (F740) chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence as well as the blue (F440) and green (F520) fluorescence of leaves and the corresponding fluorescence ratios is a fast and excellent nondestructive technique to detect the photosynthetic activity and capacity of leaves, of gradients over the leaf area as well as the effect of various strain and stress parameters on plants. This review primarily deals with the first and pioneering multi-colour fluorescence imaging results obtained since the mid-1990s in a cooperation with French colleagues in Strasbourg and in my laboratory in Karlsruhe. Together we introduced not only the joint imaging of the red and far-red Chl fluorescence but also of the blue and green fluorescence of leaves. The two instrumental setups composed for this purpose were (1) the Karlsruhe-Strasbourg UV-Laser Fluorescence Imaging System (Laser-FIS) and (2) the Karlsruhe Flash-Light Fluorescence Imaging System (FL-FIS). Essential results obtained with these instruments are summarized as well as the basic principles and characteristics of multi-colour fluorescence imaging. The great advantage of fluorescence imaging is that the fluorescence yield in the four fluorescence bands is sensed of several thousand up to 200,000 pixels per leaf area in one image. The multi-colour FIS technique allows to sense many physiological parameters and stress effects in plants at an early stage before a damage of leaves is visually detectable. Various examples of plant stress detection by the multi-colour FIS technique are given. Via imaging the Chl fluorescence ratio F690/F740 it is even possible to determine the Chl content of leaves. The FIS technique also allows to follow the successive uptake of diuron and loss of photosynthetic function and to screen the ripening of apples during storage., a2_Particularly meaningful and of high statistical relevance are the fluorescence ratio images red/far-red (F690/F740), blue/red (F440/F690), and blue/green (F440/F520) as well as images of the fluorescence decrease ratio RFd, which is an indicator of the net CO2 assimilation rates of leaves., H. K. Lichtenthaler., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Natural and commercial Salix clones differ in their ecophysiological response to Zn stress This study was carried out to determine the effect of different zinc concentrations on the ecophysiological response of Salix clones: four commercial clones (“1962”, “1968”, “Drago”, and “Levante”) selected for short rotation coppice, and one natural clone, “Sacco”, obtained from a contaminated area. Gas exchanges, chlorophyll a fluorescence (JIP-test), relative chlorophyll content, and biometric parameters were measured in plants grown for fifteen days in soil containing Zn concentrations of 0, 300, 750, and 1,500 mg(ZnCl2) kg-1. Ecophysiological response to metal stress differed in dependence on the Zn concentration and clone. At the low Zn concentration (300 mg kg-1), the absence of any significant reductions in parameters investigated indicated an efficient plant homeostasis to maintain the metal content within phytotoxic limits. Stomatal limitation, observed at 750 and 1,500 mg kg-1, which was found in all clones after three days of the treatment, might be caused by indirect effects of metal on guard cells. Among commercial clones, “Drago” was more sensitive to Zn stress, showing inhibition of growth, while “1962” clone showed a downregulation of PSII photochemistry following the slowdown in the Calvin-Benson cycle. On the contrary, the natural Salix clone (“Sacco”) performed better compared to the other clones due to activation of a photosynthetic compensatory mechanism., A. Bernardini, E. Salvatori, S. Di Re, L. Fusaro, G. Nervo, F. Manes., and Obsahuje seznam literatury