Zdravotničtí odborníci už několik desetiletí popisují nebezpečnosti expozice tzv. pasivnímu kouření a mnoho zemí vytvořilo legislativní normy na ochranu nekuřáků před jejich nedobrovolnou expozicí. V současnosti vstupují do popředí vědeckého zájmu vzájemné reakce reziduí tabákového kouře a toxikologie tzv. "starého second-hand smoke" a "third-hand smoke" (THS). Tyto substance spolu reagují a produkují nové chemické látky, jako nitrosaminy specifické pro tabák, těkavé organické uhlovodíky a jiné. Přetrvávají hodiny, týdny a měsíce v ovzduší a na povrchu místností poté, co cigarety byly uhašeny. Ačkoliv se toxické, mutagenní a karcinogenní účinky THS zatím zkoumají, zvyšující se zájem veřejnosti o "third-hand smoke" by mohl změnit postoje ke kouření a lépe chránit nekuřáky, zejména děti., For decades, health professionals have been describing the danger of second-hand smoke and many countries have created legislative norms to protect non-smokers against involuntary exposure to passive smoking. Now a growing number of scientists are interested about inter-reactions of tobacco smoke residues and toxicology of so-called "old second-hand smoke" and "third-hand smoke" (THS). These substances can interact to produce new chemical substances, such as tobacco-specific nitrosamines, volatile organic compounds and others, that remain in the indoor air and surfaces for hours, weeks and months after cigarettes have been extinguished. Although the toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of THS are under investigation, increasing public interest about "third-hand smoke" could change attitudes to smoking and better protect non-smokers, especially children., Drahoslava Hrubá, Veronika Šikolová, A. Peřina, and Literatura
The European Network for Housing Research organized a conference in Prague June 28-July 1. This meeting of experts focused on the role and “power” of housing and mortgage markets, which is rapidly changing, especially by increasing the influence these markets have on the wider economy and sustainable development of many societies. and Tomáš Kostelecký.
Collective homes and housing collectivization are phenomena that are usually considered to be ideologically close to Marxism and anarchism. In the 19th century, however, socialization of domestic work was part of various ideological streams, from social democrats to the business establishment. At the beginning of the 20th century, various forms of collective housing garnered the attention of the Czech intellectual elite. Information about collective housing came either directly from the United States of America or from Germany and Scandinavia. Czech sociologists regarded it as a contribution to social solidarity; feminists, on the contrary, as an instrument for the reinforcement of the family. The concept of homes with central kitchens came to Bohemia not only as part of a political and economic discourse but also in utopian novels and as part of architectural debates. Czech architecture and literature were, however, reserved about collective housing. The first larger reflection on central kitchens did not appear in Czech architecture until the beginning of the 1920s, on the margins of debates about the garden city. Among feminists, in contrast, we can see an uninterrupted interest in the socialization of domestic work during the entire first four decades of the 20th century. And it was feminists who managed to give the theoretical deliberations a real, albeit very constrained architectural form., Hubert Guzik., and Obsahuje bibliografii
napsala Anuše Kejřová, Zařízení a udržování bytu, kuchyně, spíže, prádelny, sklepa a pod. Předpisy kuchařské, cukrářské, menu, praní, bílení, čištění prádla, šatstva a látek. Udržování čistoty i pořádku v domácnosti a jiné rady. Zdravověda a domácí léčebné prostředky., Obsahuje rejstřík, and Autorka: roz. Anuše Nápravníková
Úvod: V rozvinutých zemích je expozice dětí zakouřenému ovzduší v bytech jedním z nejzávažnějších zdravotních rizikových faktorů. Ve školním výchovném programu "Normální je nekouřit" je zahrnuta i aktivní spolupráce rodičů s cílem podpořit jejich dobrovolné vytváření nekuřáckých domovů. Účinnost programu byla testována v pilotní studii na 10 základních školách v Brně a Frýdku-Místku a následně v širší studii na 25 základních školách z Brna, Zlína, z okresních i menších měst Čech a Moravy, které měly o program zájem; k nim byly přiřazeny školy kontrolní ze stejných lokalit. Metody: Během pětileté prospektivní semilongitudinální studie byli rodiče opakovaně informováni o hlavních tématech programu a žádáni o spolupráci při některých domácích úkolech. Předmětem domácích úkolů byly diskuse o zdravotních následcích kouření a typech závislosti, zařazení tělesné aktivity do každodenního rozvrhu dětí, přijetí doporučení ke zdravé výživě. Každoročně byly u rodičů sledovány jejich znalosti, názory a úroveň expozice dětí pasivnímu kouření pomocí krátkých anonymních dotazníků. V poslední etapě byly porovnávány údaje získané od 266 rodičů dětí s programem, odlišených, zda tolerují, či netolerují kouření v bytech, použitím statistického programu EPI INFO. Výsledky: Významně méně rodičů tolerujících kouření v bytech bylo informováno o zdravotních rizicích kouření (46,9 % vs. 70,8 %, p<0,001), o vysokém riziku závislosti (57,8 % vs. 79,7 %, p<0,01) a o významu kouřících členů rodiny pro iniciaci kouření u dětí, pro které jsou špatným vzorem (12,5 % vs. 23,3 %, p<0,05). Tito rodiče byli také častěji skeptičtí k prevenci (29,7 % vs. 12,9 %, p<0,05) a méně z nich hovořilo s dětmi o kouření (76,6 % vs. 88,6 %, p<0,05). Rodiče podhodnocovali kouření v bytech, jejich děti až dvakrát častěji uváděly tento zdroj znečištění domácího ovzduší. Jen 3,4 % rodičů změnilo dřívější toleranci ke kuřákům na striktní pravidla "domovů bez kouře". Téměř 11 % rodičů uvádělo zanechání kouření v průběhu studie hodnotící působení programu. Závěr: Program měl jen malý vliv na znalosti a názory rodičů o kouření a na vytváření nekuřáckých domovů pro jejich děti., Introduction: In developed countries, child exposure to tobacco smoke at home poses a major health risk. In the school-based educational programme "Non-Smoking is normal", active parental cooperation is requested for the purpose of creating voluntary smoke-free homes. The effectiveness of the programme was tested both in the pilot study involving 10 primary schools in Brno and Frýdek Místek, and in the wider study that comprised 25 primary schools in Brno, Zlín, and smaller regional towns involved in the project. A further 25 schools from the same localities were taken as a control. Methods: During the five-year follow-up semi-longitudinal study, parents were repeatedly informed of the main themes of the programme and asked for participation in several tasks. The objectives of these home tasks were discussion about the health consequences of smoking and types of dependence, as well as inclusion of physical exercise as part of the children' daily schedule and adoption of dietary guidelines. Every year, a short anonymous questionnaire testing knowledge, opinions and the level of children' exposure to passive smoking was sent to participating parents. In the last stage of the programme, data obtained from 266 parents of children was processed using EPI INFO software. Results: Significantly less parents who tolerated smoking at home were well informed about the health hazards of smoking (46.9% vs. 70.8%, p<0.001), about the high risk of addiction (57.8% vs. 79.7%, p<0.01), and about the role of smoking family members as bad role models (12.5% vs. 23.3%, p<0.05). These parents were also more often sceptial on the issue of prevention (29.7% vs. 12.9%, p<0.05) and fewer of them discussed the subject of smoking with their childrenl (76.6% vs. 88.6%, p<0.05). Parents underestimated the effects of smoking at home, and only 3.4% of parents changed their prior tolerance to smokers in order to adopt strict smoke-free rules at home. Almost 11% of parents reported cessation of smoking during the period of the study. Conclusion: The programme had only a limited impact on the opinions, attitudes and behaviour of parents participating in the Non-Smoking is Normal programme., Drahoslava Hrubá, Iva Žaloudíková, and Literatura
b1_The text deals with the efforts to save housework in relation to the process of women’s emancipation. Since the 19th century, using gas, electricity and modern devices in the household promised to eliminate physical exertion and to speed up work substantially. In the process women were to acquire time to participate in education and cultural life. In the 20th century we see a differentiation in women’s roles: educated professional women got rid of most domestic work by hiring other women to perform it. After the Second World War and in relation to the mobilization of women from homes to employment, the communist regime announced the project of the liberated household. A specialized enterprise was to provide full services to households: laundry, cleaning and mending of clothes, cleaning and others. Daily boarding was to be ensured by kitchens in preschool facilities, schools and factories. The displacement of a majority of housework from the household did not succeed, the services sector in real socialism permanently lagged behind the needs of households, and the weight of the second shift was born primarily by women. Since the 1970s the limited market offer and the limitations of public life resulted in various types of domestic activities flourishing further. The text also deals with the maximum rationalization of domestic operation as it has been implemented in the experiment of collective housing. The restriction on the kitchen space which was also reproduced in the housing cores of panel apartment buildings did not work operationally or socially. Food preparation and eating together remained important elements of family life, and today kitchens are the center of a functional home. Cooking has become a recognized activity in which men also participate., b2_Most chores performed in the 19th century by women are carried out today by machines or have been taken over by the industry and paid services. What remains is work related to childcare and nursing the sick and elderly. The recognition and valuation of these activities, performed primarily by women, remain unresolved., Květa Jechová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Článek se zaměřuje na zhodnocení spokojenosti s bydlením a její vývoj v České republice v období po roce 2000. Cílem je identifikovat faktory ovlivňující rozdílnou úroveň spokojenosti s bydlením u jednotlivých skupin obyvatelstva, a přispět tak k lepšímu pochopení procesů na pozadí tohoto jevu. V komparativní perspektivě průřezových let 2001 a 2013 se autoři se věnují prezentaci hlavních zjištění vyplývajících ze dvou na sebe navazujících vln kvantitativního sociologického šetření. Článek čerpá z dat celonárodního sociologického šetření postojů k problematice bydlení, realizovaného v ČR ve dvou vlnách - Housing Attitudes 2001 a Housing Attitudes 2013. Analýza byla provedena ve dvou krocích. V prvním kroku byly pomocí pairwise correlation analysis identifikovány proměnné, které se významně váží k otázce o celkové spokojenosti respondentů s jejich stávajícím bydlením. Ve druhém kroku byla významnost těchto proměnných testována prostřednictvím multiple linear regression. Cílem bylo najít faktory, které nezávisle predikují respondentovu úroveň celkové spokojenosti s bydlením, a to i po očištění vlivu ostatních proměnných zařazených do regresního modelu., The article evaluates housing satisfaction and its development in the Czech Republic after 2000. Its goal is to help better understand the processes behind this phenomenon by identifying factors that influence how the level of housing satisfaction varies between population groups. In a comparative perspective on cross-sectional data from 2001 and 2013, the authors present the main findings of two waves of a quantitative sociological survey. The article draws on two comparable datasets stemming from a nationwide sociological survey of attitudes to housing issues implemented in the Czech Republic as „Housing Attitudes 2001“ and „Housing Attitudes 2013“. The analysis was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, pairwise correlation analysis was used to identify variables that are significantly associated with a measure of overall satisfaction with one’s current housing situation. In the second stage, multiple linear regression was used to test the significance of these variables. The goal was to find factors that independently predict the respondent’s overall housing satisfaction when controlling for other variables included in the regression model. Overall housing satisfaction among Czech citizens increased over the 2001-2013 time period. What remains is that the highest levels of satisfaction are exhibited by people in owner-occupied houses and the lowest by those living in rented flats (whether privately or from local authorities) in large-scale projects. In addition to tenure and type of dwelling, the key factors of overall satisfaction include perceived size of dwelling compared to number of cohabitants. Other factors include socioeconomic characteristics reflecting respondent´s status in the social structure - primarily household income and secondarily respondent´s economic status (unemployment). The category of people living in flats was examined separately. Whereas people living in large-panel system (LPS) buildings were less satisfied with their housing situation than those living in brick houses in 2001, the difference was no longer discernible in 2013. The increased attractiveness of LPS housing may be a result of remodelling and reconstruction over the time period of interest. There are also spatial differences in overall housing satisfaction. People from major cities are less satisfied with their housing situation than those living in smaller settlements. This variation is primarily caused by differences in the composition of the dwelling stock and overall characteristics of housing. A specific situation exists in the smallest municipalities with a population under 1000 where the lower levels of housing satisfaction are probably associated with lower access to and variety of local amenities. Finally, albeit overall housing satisfaction among Czechs grew on average over the time period studied, the social inequalities in overall housing satisfaction did not diminish. Especially people of lower social status and belonging to the „lower housing class“ are less satisfied than the rest of the population., Ladislav Kážmér, Irena Boumová., and Obsahuje bibliografii