Autoři analyzují vzájemně související, avšak – alespoň z pohledu české společnosti – ne vždy přímo na sobě závislé stránky kremačního hnutí ve 20. století: vzestup a důsledky prokremační propagandy, budování nových krematorií, rozšiřování popularity kremace jakožto způsobu pohřbívání ve společnosti a změny v obřadech, které jsou s kremací spojeny. Dlouhodobá nadvláda ideologie nad společenskými zájmy je v případě kremace jasně viditelná například na skutečnosti, že v první polovině 20. století kremační hnutí získalo výrazně více příznivců, než bylo lidí, kteří se pro tento způsob pohřbu skutečně rozhodli. Jednalo se přitom o způsob pohřbu, který byl později propagován a nakonec akceptován širokými vrstvami české společnosti v důsledku tlaku vyvíjeného komunistickým režimem. Po mnoho let navíc výstavba a výzdoba krematorií stejně jako obřady spojené s kremací odrážely ideologická východiska spíše než praktické potřeby společnosti, což autoři vysvětlují specifickým přístupem české společnosti k náboženství, ovlivněným řadou faktorů (mimo jiné, avšak nikoli výlučně, působením komunistického režimu). Následné odideologizování různých výše zmíněných jevů bylo poměrně pomalé a projevilo se pouze v omezené míře ke konci 20. století. Soudobá česká společnost vykazuje nejvyšší (či jedno z nejvyšších) procento pohřbů žehem v Evropě. Tato skutečnost souvisí se silně zakořeněným českým antiklerikalismem a zaběhnutým sledem pohřebních obřadů, jež s postupem času v komunistickém režimu pevně zakotvily jako součást společenského řádu. and In this article the authors analyse mutually related but, at least as regards Czech society, not always directly interdependent aspects of the cremation movement in the twentieth century: the growth in pro-cremation propaganda and its impact, the establishment of new crematoria, the spread of the popularity of cremation as a method of disposing of the dead throughout society and changes in the rituals associated with it. The long domination of ideology over social interests with regard to cremation is evident, for example, in the fact that in the first half of the twentieth century the cremation movement attracted substantially more followers than those who eventually chose this method of disposal for themselves, a method that was later encouraged and eventually accepted throughout Czech society as a result of pressure from the Communist régime. Furthermore, for many years, the construction and decoration of crematoria, as well as ceremonies connected with cremation, reflected ideological perspectives rather than practical social needs. The authors explain this in terms of Czech attitudes towards religion, which were influenced by a number of factors, not just the Communist regime. The subsequent de-ideologization of these various aspects was quite slow, not taking place till the late twentieth century, and then only to a limited extent. Contemporary Czech society has one of the highest cremation rates in Europe, a fact connected both with deep-rooted Czech anticlericalism and with the path dependence of funeral rituals that became firmly entrenched during the Communist era.
The Black Death plague constituted a major disruption of the ordinary pace of life of the society in early modern period. As such it attracted interest and drew attention. The Black Death menace caused panic and fear, and therefore various measures and actions which were supposed to prevent the outbreak of the plague or at least considerably limit its consequences were defined and carried out. Such practices were shaped by contemporary ideologies and mentalities and reflected everyday experience. The study of various means of dealing with the Black Death menace may be like looking in a mirror in which the curves of the quotidian lifestyle of the period are reflected. The present paper which analyses the last Black Death plague of 1713-1714 in the environment of a southBohemian town offers one such view. The mechanisms which the inhabitants of the regional capital Písek formulated and applied in the attempt to confront the iimpending Black Death menace, are specifically examined. The bearing of these mechanisms on contemporary devoutness is also problematized at the level of socalled semifolk discourse., Zdeněk Duda., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Despite various changes in academic institutions and the academic profession in last two decades (Shore 2008; Dunn 2003; Power 2003), the academic environment is still organized around the notion of a linear, uninterrupted career path (Murray 2000; Smithon and Stokoe 2005) culminating with the launch of one’s own lab. Rather than a remnant of previous organizing principles of science the linear notion of the academic career has been reordered and reinscribed in the recent science policy imaginary of the excellent career (Garforth, Červinková 2009). In light of the recent shifts in the organization of biosciences in the Czech Republic from dynastic to dynamic labs, the dominant ideologies of motherhood and the disembodied subject of the labour market, our goal in this paper is to contribute to feminist analyses of research careers and implications these recent shifts have in terms of the position of women- and especially mothers-bioscientists. Using the concept of enactment (Law 1994, Mol 2002) we examine the co-constitution of motherhood and research careers procesually, as a result of the effects of the gender order, science policy, family policy, institutional arrangements of research organizations and the personal. We wish to underscore the need for a complex study of research careers if we want to understand the nuanced ways in which gender is inscribed in careers in the biosciences., Marcela Linková, Alice Červinková., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The Academy of Sciences Library has purchased a so far unknown illumination with Bohuslav Hasištejnský’s epitaph of Jan of Vartenberk († 1508) from the Swiss antiquarian bookshop Dr. Jörn Günther Rare Books AG. The illumination, Hasištejnský’s epitaph (with the meaning adjusted to the context) and the commemorative inscription present the figure of the Litoměřice Canon Jan of Vartenberk, who was sent to Pavia by Charles IV in 1355 to fetch the relics of St Vitus. We suppose that this illumination was probably made for Jan Jiří of Vartenberk as a component of a larger whole around 1615.