Studie se zabývá černým trhem v sedmdesátých a osmdesátých letech minulého století v Československé socialistické republice a Německé demokratické republice v komparativní perspektivě. Nejprve stručně charakterizuje společenské podmínky socialistických diktatur, které existenci černého trhu podmiňovaly a v nichž se mohl úspěšně reprodukovat. Poté se snaží identifikovat, jaké společné znaky v rámci podloudného obchodování se v obou zemích vyskytovaly a jaká lokální specifika určovala jejich odlišnost. Autor svou pozornost zaměřuje hlavně na dva segmenty tehdejšího černého trhu - podloudné obchodování se zahraničním spotřebním zbožím a devizovou trestnou činnost. Přibližuje, kteří historičtí aktéři byli hybateli černého trhu a s jakým zbožím se přednostně obchodovalo. V Československu se narozdíl od východního Německa vyvinula specifická společenská vrstva takzvaných veksláků, která měla na lokálním černém trhu silné postavení a těžila z prodeje valut, tuzexových poukázek či spotřebního zboží. V Německé demokratické republice jako zprostředkovatelé při opatřování nedostatkového zboží sloužily především rodinné kontakty a známosti v sousední Spolkové republice. Přesto se i zde vytvořily organizované sítě podloudných obchodníků, mezi nimiž zaujímali výsadní postavení občané Polské lidové republiky, především díky svým možnostem poměrně volného cestování do zahraničí, a spoluutvářeli tak ráz černého trhu v NDR., This article compares and contrasts the black markets in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic and the German Democratic Republic in the 1970s and 1980s. It first briefly discusses the social conditions of the Communist dictatorships, which determined the existence, and successful reproduction, of the black market. It then seeks to identify the common features in illegal trade in the two countries and also those specific to only one country or the other. The author focuses mainly on two sectors of the black market at that time - namely, the illegal trade in foreign consumer goods and the criminal exchange of hard currency. He discusses the figures who were the driving forces in the black market, and the commodities which they preferred to deal in. In Czechoslovakia, unlike East Germany, a special social stratum of underhand moneychangers, called veksláci, had a strong position on the local black market, and profited from the sale of hard (Western) currency, coupons to the exclusive Tuzex shops (that had scarce Western goods), and consumer goods. In East Germany, it was mainly family members, friends, and acquaintances from West Germany who served as the middlemen in obtaining scarce goods. Nevertheless, there, too, organized networks of black-marketeers were formed, in which citizens of the People’s Republic of Poland occupied a privileged position, thanks mainly to the relative ease with which Poles could travel abroad; and they too influenced the nature of the East German black market., Adam Havlík., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The article resumes the foreign research focused on the problem of orphaned thildren in the village throughout the Early Modern Era and the nineteenth century. The aim of the article was to evaluate the present-day state of research and its factual and me-thodological importance for Czech study of the same topic., Markéta Skořepová., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
his study traces the changing portrayals of Maria Theresa in the writings of the most important Czech historians (F. M. Pelcl, W. W. Tomek, J. Kalousek, B. Rieger, J. Svátek, J. Pekař and J. Prokeš) up until the end of the First Republic. It also considers the works of popular chroniclers, the French historian E. Denis, and school textbooks. The author shows that from the end of the 18th century to the 1930s Czech historiography presented an image of Maria Theresa as an exceptionally capable ruler whose wide-ranging reforms brought considerable progress in many different spheres of life both in Bohemia and the monarchy as a whole. From the outset, however, there was also criticism of various aspects of her policies that were perceived as inimical to the Czech nation. First there was Germanization, especially in the education system; then, from the 1860s, the centralizing tendency of administrative reforms that threatened the (albeit limited) autonomy of the Czech state and opened the door to dualism. This criticism was especially abrasive in the works of J. Kalousek, B. Rieger and J. Svátek. Some even pointed to an actively hostile attitude on the part of the empress towards the Czech Lands. As the proliferation of factual evidence consolidated the positive image of the great monarch, critical assessments became more objective, though they never disappeared altogether. It is worth noting that, with few exceptions, the positive importance of absolutist enlightenment reforms for the emergence of the modern Czech nation-state was often overlooked., Eduard Maur., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy