Riziko trombózy významně stoupá s věkem. U osob do 40 let se předpokládá incidence žilních tromboembolismů 1 na 10 000, u osob'nad 75 let se vyskytuje s četností 1 na 100 osob. Není zcela jasné, co nejvíce způsobuje závislost žilní trombózy a věku. Nejpravděpodobněji jde o kombinaci snížení mobility, poklesu svalového napěti, zvýšení morbidity a změn stěny cévní. K žilním tromboembolismům závislým na věku můžeme počítat i ty, které vznikly při hormonální terapii u postmenopauzálních žen. S věkem také stoupá koncentrace koagulačních faktorů, především faktoru VIII, II a IX. Vyšší věk je při antikoagulační léčbě rizikový ze dvou hledisek : a) nemocní ve vyšším věku mají významnější tendenci ke krvácení b) nemocní ve vyšším věku mají jinou toleranci antikoagulační léčby pro vyšší hladinu koagulačních faktorů a zároveň polymorbiditu (nádory, větší riziko arteriálních a žilních trombóz, kombinace kardiovaskulárních a metabolických onemocnení). Léčba musí být laboratorně kontrolována. Tzv. terapeutické rozmezí INR ohraničuje meze předpokládané terapeutické účinnosti a zároveň bezpečnosti léčby. Warfarin má dlouhý poločas účinku a není třeba ho rozdělovat do více denních dávek. Na předpokládaný antikoagulační efekt warfarinu má vliv řada vnějších a vnitřních faktorů a může působit kolísání hladiny INR. Kolísání INR může paradoxně působit protromboticky, protože antagonisté vitaminu K blokují i přirozené inhibitory koagulace (protein C a protein S)., The risk of thrombosis significantly increases with age. In people under 40 years the incidence of thromboembolism is presumed in 1 of 10 000 persons, while in people above 75 years it occurs in 1 of 100 persons. It is not quite clear what is the main cause of the relation between the venous thrombosis and the age. The most probably it is a combination of the decrease of mobility, the decline of muscular tension, the increase of morbidity and the changes of vascular wall. As the age-related venous thromboembolism can be considered also the cases of thromboembolism originated during the hormonal therapy in post-menopausal women. It is also the concentration of coagulative factors, especially the VIII, II and IX factor, which increases with ageing. There are two aspects why is the senior age at risk during the coagulative treatment-. a) there is more significant tendency to bleed in the senior patients b) the senior patients have a different tolerance of the anticoagulative treatment to the higher level of coagulative factor and to the polymorbidity at the same time (the tumours, higher risk of arterial and venous thromboses, the combination of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases) The treatment should be monitored in laboratory. So-called INR therapeutic range bounds the limits of the presumed therapeutic effectiveness and at the same time the safety of the treatment. Warfarin has a long effeaiveness half - life and it does not need to be divided into several daily doses. The presumed coagulative effect of Warfarin is influenced by the series of internal and external factors, which can cause the variance of INR level. The variance of INR can paradoxically have an antithrombotic effect since the vitamin K antagonists block the natural coagularion inhibitors (C and 5 proteins)., Jaroslav Malý, Petr Dulíček, Miroslav Pecka, Lit: 9, and Souhrn: eng
The action of two potential anticonvulsants, CM 40907 (10-50 mg/kg i.p.) and SR 41378 (1.25-20 mg/kg i.p.) against metrazol-induced seizures was studied in rats 7, 12, 18 and 25 days old. Two types of motor seizures - minimal, clonic and major, generalized tonic-clonic - were elicited by a 100-mg/kg dose of metrazol (s.c.) and their incidence and latency were evaluated. The severity of seizures was expressed as a score on a 5-point scale. Dimethylsulfoxide, an organic solvent, exhibited anticonvulsant action only in doses far exceeding those used for dissolving the two anticonvulsants. Both drugs suppressed minimal as well as major seizures in all age groups studied in a dose-dependent manner, SR 41378 being approximately four times more potent than CM 40907. The latencies could be measured only in animals given low doses of anticonvulsants. CM 40907 did not change the latencies whereas SR 41378 prolonged them. The severity of seizures was decreased again in a dose-dependent manner. There were only minor changes in the efficacy of CM 40907 among the four age groups. On the contrary, SR 41378 exhibited an extreme efficacy in 7-day-old rat pups, where even the 1.25 mg/kg dose signifcantly decreased the incidence and severity of seizures. The efficacy in the remaining three age groups was approximately at the same level as in adult rats.
Microsporidia are a cause of emerging and opportunistic infections in humans and animals. Although two drugs are currently being used to treat microsporidiosis, concerns exist that albendazole is only selective for inhibiting some species of microsporidia that infect mammals, and fumagillin appears to have been found to be toxic. During a limited sequence survey of the Vittaforma corneae (syn. Nosema corneum Shadduck, Meccoli, Davis et Font, 1990) genome, a partial gene encoding for the ParC topoisomerase IV subunit was identified. The purpose of this set of studies was to determine if fluoroquinolones, which target topoisomerase IV, exert activity against Encephalitozoon intestinalis (syn. Septata intestinalis Cali, Kotler et Orenstein, 1993) and V. corneae in vitro, and whether these compounds could prolong survival of V. corneae-infected athymic mice. Fifteen fluoroquinolones were tested. Of these, norfloxacin and ofloxacin inhibited E. intestinalis replication by more than 70% compared with non-treated control cultures, while gatifloxacin, lomefloxacin, moxifloxacin, and nalidixic acid (sodium salt) inhibited both E. intestinalis and V. corneae by at least 60% at concentrations not toxic to the host cells. These drugs were tested in vivo also, where gatifloxacin, lomefloxacin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin prolonged survival of V. corneae-infected athymic mice (P < 0.05), whereas moxifloxacin and nalidixic acid failed to prolong survival. Therefore, these results support continued studies for evaluating the efficacy of the fluoroquinolones for treating microsporidiosis and for characterizing the target(s) of these fluoroquinolones in the microsporidia.
This study deals with reforms by Josef II, in particular with the abolition of the monasteries as recorded in contemporary sources supporting the reforms being carried out. The author selects some significant themes treated by the proponents of reform. The main theme is the criterion of human nature. Related themes include: monks’ asceticism, celibacy, monasteries as the quintessence of baroque piety, and mendicant orders., Petr Hasan., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
The main characteristics of the Antimüllerian hormone from the points of view of biochemistry, molecular genetics, physiological functions and importance for diagnostics in reproductive endocrinology and related biomedical fields are reviewed. The role of the hormone in male and female development, its participation in oocyte maturation including selection of a dominant follicle are summarized, as well as its changes under various pathological situations in both sexes. The physiological changes of serum AMH leves in the life span in both sexes and their alterations under various pathological conditions are provided, too., R. Hampl, M. Šnajderová, T. Mardešić., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
V průběhu posledních let dochází k nárůstu počtu imunosuprimovaných nemocných a tím i k vzestupu invazivních mykotických onemocnění. Terapie hlubokých mykóz je mnohdy obtížná, mortalita a morbidita těchto infekčních komplikací jsou vysoké. Stále lepší dostupnost nových antimykotik rozšiřuje naše léčebné možnosti a zlepšuje výsledky terapie těchto invazivních mykotických infekcí. Předkládaná práce podává informace o využití jednotlivých antimykotik v léčbě invazivních mykóz, shrnuje léčbu invazivní aspergilózy (IA), invazivní kandidózy (IC) a empirickou antimykotickou terapii. Doporučení vychází ze závěrů prezentovaných Europen Conference on Infection in Leukemia (ECIL)., The frequency of invasive fungal infections has significantly increased with the rise in at-risk populations of patients in the last years. Management of deep fungal infection is difficult and the morbidity and mortality of these infections are very high. New antifungal agents provide the managment options and improve therapeutic outcomes of these infections. This article informs about the role of available antifungal agents in the management of invasive fungal infections and reviews empirical antifungal treatmnet and the treatment of invasive aspergillus and candida infections. Recommendations presented below are based on the resume of the Europen Conference on Infection in Leukemia (ECIL)., Jana Diatková, Martina Tošková, Iva Kocmanová, Jiří Mayer, Zdeněk Ráčil, and Literatura
Antioxidant or pro-oxidant properties of epinephrine (EPI) and isoprenaline (ISO) were studied in the absence and presence of Fe2+ , Fe3+ and Cu2+ ions. EPI and ISO (>2 /tmol/1) inhibited peroxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) induced by 2, 2’-azobis(2-amidino-propane) (AAPH). EPI had a similar inhibitory potency as ISO, but their potency was several times higher than the potency of a-tocopherol (a-TOC). When the LDL peroxidation was induced by 5 /tmol/1 CUSO4, EPI and ISO enhanced LDL peroxidation at low concentrations (10/mol/l) and decreased peroxidation at higher concentrations (30 /tmol/1). The compounds had a similar tendency to inhibit the peroxidation of phosphatidylcholine liposomes. EPI (3-30 //¿mol/1) inhibited lipid peroxidation of phosphatidylcholine liposomes induced by 2 mmol/1 of AAPH, but it was less effective and even increased the peroxidation, when the samples contained 2 mmol/1 AAPH with 50 /¿mol/l FeSC>4 or 2 mmol/1 AAPH with 20/imol/l FeCb. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation by EPI was also observed when studying decreased oxygen consumption, when the peroxidation of linoleic acid was induced by lipoxidase. In conclusion, EPI and ISO reduced lipid peroxidation, but they exhibit pro-oxidant properties in the presence of Fe2+, Fe3+ or Cu2+ ions, depending on the catecholamine and ionic concentration.
Research on brown adipose tissue and its hallmark protein, mitochondrial uncoupling protei n UCP1, has been conducted for half a century and has been traditionally studied in the Institute of Physiology (AS CR, Prague), likewise UCP2 residing in multiple tissues for the last two decades. Our group has significantly contributed to the elucidation of UCP uncoupling mechanism, fully dependent on free fatty acids (FFAs) within the inner mitochondrial membrane. Now we review UCP2 physiological roles emphasizing its roles in pancreatic β-cells, such as antioxidant role, possible tuning of redox homeostasis (consequently UCP2 participation in redox regulations), and fine regulation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). For example, NADPH has been firmly established as being a modulator of GSIS and since UCP2 may influence redox homeostasis, it likely affects NADPH levels. We also point out the role of phospholipase iPLA2 isoform γ in providing FFAs for the UCP2 antioxidant function. Such initiation of mild uncoupling hypothetically precedes lipotoxicity in pancreatic β-cells until it reaches the pathological threshold, after which the antioxidant role of UCP2 can be no more cell-protective, for example due to oxidative stress-accumulated mutations in mtDNA. These mechanisms, together with impaired autocrine insulin function belong to important causes of Type 2 diabetes etiology., P. Ježek ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy