Genes encoding enzymes involved in fatty acids (FA) and glucose oxidation are transcriptionally regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR), members of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Under conditions associated with O 2 deficiency, PPAR-α modulates substrate switch (between FA and glucose) aimed at the adequate energy production to maintain basic cardiac function. Both, positive and negative effects of PPAR-α activation on myoc ardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury have been reported. Moreover, the role of PPAR-mediated metabolic shifts in cardioprotective mechanisms of preconditioning (PC) is relatively less investigated. We explored the effects of PPAR-α upregulation mimicking a delayed “second window” of PC on I/R injury in the rat heart and potential downstream mechanisms involved. Pretreatment of rats with PPAR-α agonist WY-14643 (WY, 1 mg/kg, i.p.) 24 h prior to I/R reduced post-ischemic stunning, arrhythmias and the extent of lethal injury (infarct size) and ap optosis (caspase-3 expression) in isolated hearts exposed to 30-min global ischemia and 2-h reperfusion. Protection was associated with remarkably increased expression of PPAR- α target genes promoting FA utilization (medium-chain acyl-CoA de hydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I) and reduced expression of glucose transporter GLUT-4 responsible for glucose transport and metabolism. In addition, enhanced Akt phosphorylation and protein levels of eNOS, in conjunction with blunting of cardioprotection by NOS inhibitor L-NAME, were observed in the WY-treated hearts. Conclusions: upregulation of PPAR-α target metabolic genes involved in FA oxidation may underlie a delayed phase PC-like protection in the rat heart. Potential non-genomic effects of PPAR-α-mediated cardioprotection may involve activation of prosurvival PI3K/Akt pathway and its downstream targets such as eNOS and subsequently reduced apoptosis., T. Ravingerová ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
The uptake, reflux and excretion of bromosulfophthalein (BSP) were studied on a model of total warm ischaemia for 30 min (group 1) or 60 min (group 2) followed by reperfusion for 45 min in the isolated perfused rat liver of unfasting rats. In group 1, the BSP hepatic uptake was comparable to control livers (30 s ischaemia plus 45 min reperfusion), but was significantly reduced in group 2. The reflux of BSP from liver to perfusate in group 1 and group 2 resulted in the appearance of secondary concentration time peaks of BSP in the reservoir perfusate. This result suggests that ischaemia-reperfusion induced a qualitative change in BSP pharmacokinetics. Excretion of the dye into bile was significantly impaired in group 2 only. The leakage of lactate dehydrogenase into the perfusate was increased moderately in both group 1 and group 2 in comparison to the controls, suggesting a low degree of liver parenchymal injury. In conclusion, the results of this investigation showed that BSP pharmacokinetics were not only undergoing quantitative changes but also a qualitative change in the model of ischaemia-reperfusion injury of the liver obtained from fed rats and may thus serve as a highly sensitive indicator of liver viability.
This study deals with the changes in position of the office of moravian land captain during the reign of last members of house Luxemburg in Moravia, since the ascension of king Venceslaus IV. in the year 1411, over the reign of Sigismund of Hungary, to the granting of Moravian margravate to Albrecht V. of Habsburg in october 1423. The author corrects some deficiencies of existing literature and specifies the chronology of holders of this office. Based on the analysisi of sources are also reconstructed purviews and areas, in which the land captain could intervene and their changes in time of hussite wars and reign of different margraves. This work also captures the way of appointment and deposition of land captains by the ruler and different strategies and attempts to alternate arrangement of administration of Moravian margravate by Sigismund of Hungary, when he tried to sideline this office, which became more and more dependent on the forming high nobility estate.
Úraz podtlakem v bazénu je skupina specifických raritních poranĕní s velkým rizikem fatálních důsledků. Častĕjší obĕtí s častĕji vážnějšími důsledky jsou zejména malé dĕti. Při tomto druhu poranĕní dochází ve vĕtší či menší míře k tonutí postiženého. Případ 19-letého pacienta zachyceného v oblasti hýždí nezajištěným otvorem sací drenáže zajímavĕ ilustruje nĕkteré zvláštnosti této problematiky. Preventivní opatření jsou v současnosti již známá, problém bývá vĕtšinou s jejich důslednou aplikací. K fatálním příčinám patří kromĕ utonutí, hypovolemický šok z náhlé redistribuce tekutin třetího prostoru a eviscerace s devastací vnitřních orgánů. Lokalizované často bizardní a velké otoky a sufúze lze v naprosté vĕtšinĕ případů řešit konzervativnĕ. Pro prevenci je klíčové rozšíření informace o existenci těchto poranĕní do obecného povědomí. Pro jejich správný management je pak důležité prohlubování povědomí a sdílení zkušeností s řešením těchto raritních poranĕní v odborné veřejnosti., Swimming pool suction injuries are unique and rare with a substantive risk of fatal consequences. Little children under the age of 8 are the most frequent victims with serious injuries. Drownings of different seriousness are also a usual part of accidents. The case of a 19 year old man trapped in the gluteal area by a unsecured suction drainage hole illustrates the uniqueness of this problem in an interesting way. Prophylactic arrangements are well known but the problem is with their strict application. Fatal causes excluding drowning include hypovolemic shock from the sudden redistribution of intersticial fluid and blood and also the evisceration of the bowel and other abdominal organs. Localised often bizarre and large swellings and sufusions can be treated nonoperatively in the vast majority of cases. For the prevention of these injuries it is important to inform the public and increase their awareness to these injuries. It is also crucial for the correct management of these injuries a deeper awareness of this issue and a sharing of experiences and solutions with other experts., and J. Škach, P. Kašák, J. Šrám
Urbanization is one of the most extreme forms of land transformation. It is supposed to change the frequencies of species trait states in species assemblages. We hypothesize that the flora of urban and rural areas differs in the frequency of trait states and ask which traits enable a plant to cope with the urban environment. We tested our hypothesis in Germany, which was divided into grid-cells of ca 130 km2. We distinguished urbanized (with more than 33% urban land use; n = 59), agricultural (with more than 50% agricultural land use; n = 1365) and semi-natural (with more than 50% forest and semi-natural land use; n = 312) grid-cells and calculated the proportions of plant species per trait state in each grid-cell. Multiple linear regressions explained the log-transformed ratio of one proportion to another with land use (urban, agricultural, semi-natural) and the environmental parameters (climate, topography, soils and geology). Additionally, linear mixed effect models accounted for the effects of land use and biogeography and differences in sample size of the three grid-cell types. Urbanized and rural areas showed clear differences in the proportion of trait states. Urbanized grid-cells had e.g., higher proportions of wind-pollinated plants, plants with scleromorphic leaves or plants dispersed by animals, and lower proportions of insect-pollinated plants, plants with hygromorphic leaves or plants dispersed by wind than other grid-cells. Our study shows that shifts in land use can change the trait state composition of plant assemblages. Far-reaching urbanization might consequently homogenize our flora with respect to trait state frequency.
Carabid abundance, species richness and diversity were compared along an urban-rural gradient in Helsinki, Finland. Increased urbanization was found to result in significant reductions in species richness, though the reductions in abundance and diversity were not statistically significant. Forest habitat-specialist species were scarce in rural sites and virtually absent from urban and suburban sites. There was no evidence of higher diversity at intermediate disturbance levels (suburban sites), as predicted by the intermediate disturbance hypothesis. Species with flight ability and the ability to utilize open habitat were more predominant in urban and suburban sites. Flightless species were more predominant in rural and suburban sites. Carabid abundance data were sufficient to reveal the negative impact of urbanization, so similar studies could be conducted in regions where carabid taxonomy is poorly known. Species composition patterns do, however, provide invaluable information. To conclude, if biodiversity is to be maintained in urban areas, priority must be given to the provision of those habitat features which are essential for sensitive species, such as decaying wood and wet microhabitats. These must be incorporated into urban green networks in particular, if biodiversity and species other than common generalists are to benefit from them.
„Upside-down stomach syndrome“ je sporadicky se vyskytující typ velké paraezofageální hiátové hernie vyžadující při známkách uskřinutí neodkladné chirurgické řešení. Autoři článku prezentují kazuistiku 53letého nemocného s volvulem žaludku při „upside-down stomach syndromu“. Chirurgický výkon byl komplikován poraněním abdominální části jícnu, které bylo úspěšně léčeno mimo jiné použitím samoexpandibilního metalického stentu. Přes závažný klinický pooperační průběh s nutností revize dutiny břišní, zavedení jícnového stentu, provedení torakotomie pro absces mediastina a sekundárního hojení laparotomie byl pacient po padesáti dvou dnech propuštěn do domácího léčení v uspokojivém stavu, plně realimentován a rehabilitován, se zhojenou perforací jícnu i laparotomií., Upside-down stomach syndrome is a rare type of a large paraoesophageal hiatal hernia, which requires an immediate surgical treatment in case of incarceration. The authors present a case report of a 53-year-old male patient with gastric volvulus related to the upside-down stomach syndrome. Surgical treatment was complicated by an injury to distal oesophagus, which was successfully treated using a self-expandable metallic stent among other methods. Despite the complicated postoperative course with a necessity of reoperation, insertion of an oesophageal stent, thoracotomy for a mediastinal abscess and secondary healing of the laparotomy, the patient was discharged in a good condition with healed oesophageal perforation and laparotomy after 52 days., and L. Hána, M. Kasalický, E. Koblihová, Š. Suchánek, P. Horažďovský, M. Ryska
Cíl: Zhodnotit přínos komplexního hodnocení CT srdce v urgentních stavech. Metodika: V období 6 měsíců byla provedena analýza akutních vyšetření srdce pomocí dvouzdrojového CT, provedených v komplexu Emergency. Vyšetření byla provedena na dvouzdrojovém CT první generace (Somatom Definition DSCT, Siemens Healthcare, Forcheim, Německo), při posuzování nálezů byla provedena evaluace CT angiografie zahrnující VRT, multiplanání rekonstrukce, kalkulace srdečních objemů z multifázové rekonstrukce CT dat a hodnocení first pass perfuzní analýzy myokardu. Výsledky: V období 6 měsíců bylo provedeno 339 vyšetření srdce, z tohoto počtu bylo provedeno 26 urgentních vyšetření - v deseti případech nemocní bez anamnézy onemocnění srdce s podezřením na non STEMI akutní infarkt myokardu, v sedmi potvrzen; v šesti případech šlo o nemocné s nově vzniklými bolestmi na hrudi po revaskularizaci myokardu, akutní infarkt byl prokázán ve čtyřech případech; ve třech případech šlo o nemocné s podezřením na komplikace po kardiochirurgické operaci. U sedmi nemocných byly zobrazovány koronární tepny před urgentní kardiochirurgickou operací disekce aorty nebo aortální endokarditidy. Závěr: Urgentní CT angiografie pomocí dvouzdrojového CT je efektivním zobrazení včetně nemocných v urgentním ohrožení života, poskytuje validní informace, které vedou ke zkrácení doby do zahájení cílené terapie. Klíčová slova: CTA srdce, koronární tepny, perfuze myokardu, kriticky nemocný pacient, endokarditida, Aim: To evaluate the value of the complex cardiac CT imaging in emergent situations. Method: During 6 months, the analysis was performed in acutely performed cardiac CT using first generation of dualsource system (Somatom Definition DSCT, Siemens HealthCare, Forchheim, Germany). In the assessment of the findings was used evaluation of coronary CTA using VT and multiplanar reconstructions, calculation of the cardiac volumes based by the multiphase CT data reconstruction and the evaluation of first-pass enhancement perfusion maps. Results: During 6 months, 339 cardiac CTs were performed, including 26 urgent examination in critically ill patients, in 10 the acute non-STEMI myocardial infarction, 7 infarctions were confirmed. In 6 patients, the acute chest pain occurred after revascularization by bypass grafting; in 3 cases the acute complication after cardiosurgery were present. In 7 patients, the cardiac imaging was performed as an initial imaging before treatment of aortic dissections or surgery due to the acute aortic endocarditis. Conclusion: Emergent cardiac CT using dualsource CT is an effective imaging tool including patients in emerging situations, it can provide a valid information leading to the shortening of needed time to initiation of tailored therapy. Key words: cardiac CT coronary arteries, myocardial perfusion, critically ill patient, endokarditis, Ferda J., Baxa J., Pešek J., Bosman R., and Literatura