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Start Over Language English Rights http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Subject Nobelova cena (ocenění) Subject physics

4. Co přinesly gravitační vlny

Creator:
Ledvinka, Tomáš and Bičák, Jiří
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Nobelova cena (ocenění), fyzika, černé díry, neutronové hvězdy, Nobel Prizes, physics, black holes (astronomy), neutron stars, 6, and 53
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
Zprávy o sedmi srážkách černých děr, jednoho páru neutronových hvězd a Nobelově ceně za fyziku., The latest observation of gravitational waves has finalized the creation of a "new window into the universe" leading to the Nobel Prize being awarded to leaders of the project. Seven observations of waves produced by black-hole collisions are reviewed as well as one corresponding to the merger of neutron stars. An electromagnetic counterpart was observed and multi-messenger astronomy was born., Tomáš Ledvinka, Jiří Bičák., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
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5. Neúspěšní kandidáti na Nobelovu cenu za fyziku v letech 1951-1965

Creator:
Jindra, Jiří
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Nobelova cena (ocenění), fyzika, Nobel Prizes, physics, dějiny, history, neúspěšní kandidáti, Nobelův archiv, historie fyziky, unsuccessful candidates, Nobel's archive, history of physics, 6, and 53
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
O neúspěšných kandidátech na Nobelovu cenu za fyziku (NCF) v letech 1901-1956 byl publikován článek v roce 2008 [1]. Zpřístupněním materiálů Nobelova archivu ve Stockholmu o NCF do roku 1965 lze tudíž referovat o kandidátech NCF z let 1951-1965, což je obsahem tohoto příspěvku., Six unsuccessful candidates, i. e., G. E. Uhlenbeck, S. A. Goudsmit, G. P. S. Occhialini, B. B. Rossi, B. F. Lyot and G. I. Taylor, nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics from 1951 to 1965, are briefly introduced in this article. The number of nominations was chosen as a criterion of their selection. All the above mentioned researchers were outstanding physicist with numerous great scientific achievements. It clearly indicates, that also other factors than just a scientific excellence influence winning the Nobel Prize., Jiří Jindra., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
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6. Neutrinová observatoř v Sudbury: pozorování změny "vůně" slunečních neutrin: přednáška u příležitosti udělení Nobelovy ceny za fyziku za rok 2015

Creator:
McDonald, Arthur B. and Gregora, Ivan
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Nobelova cena (ocenění), fyzika, Nobel Prizes, physics, přednášky, sluneční neutrina, neutrinová observatoř, lectures, 6, and 53
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
The nuclear fusion processes that power the Sun take place at such high temperatures that the nuclei of atoms are able to fuse together, a process that results in the creation of very large numbers of fundamental particles called neutrinos. Neutrinos only interact through the weak interaction and gravity and therefore can penetrate out from the core of the Sun and through the Earth with little or no interaction. It is these neutrinos from the Sun that are the subject of our measurements with the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO), 2 km underground in a mine near Sudbury, Canada. With the use of heavy water as a central element in the design of SNO it was possible to determine clearly that electron neutrinos change to one of the other active flavors before reaching our detector, a property that requires that they have a mass greater than zero. Both of these fundamental neutrino properties are beyond the predictions of the Standard Model for elementary particles. Extensions of the Standard Model to include these neutrino properties can give us a more complete understanding of our Universe at a very basic level., Arthur B. McDonald ; přeložil Ivan Gregora., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
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7. Nobelova cena za fyziku 2015 T. Kajitovi a A. B. McDonaldovi za experimentální potvrzení existence efektu neutrinových oscilací

Creator:
Malinský, Michal
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Kajita, Takaaki, McDonald, Arthur B., fyzika, Nobelova cena (ocenění), physics, Nobel Prizes, 6, and 53
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
We summarise the important steps and breakthroughs since the first solar neutrino detection by Raymond Davis, Jr. and the subsequent confusion known as the "solar neutrino puzzle", to the two key experiments (Super-K and SNO) that made it very clear that neutrinos, the lightest and most elusive of leptons, undergo a peculiar quantum-mechanical transformation along the path from their source to the detector. To that end, we attempt to describe the basic experimental techniques that made these discoveries possible as well as the important features of the theoretical picture, which subsequently emerged during the same period. and Michal Malinský.
Rights:
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8. Objev oscilací atmosférických neutrin: přednáška u příležitosti udělení Nobelovy ceny za fyziku za rok 2015

Creator:
Kajita, Takaaki and Gregora, Ivan
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Nobelova cena (ocenění), fyzika, Nobel Prizes, physics, přednášky, oscilace atmosferických neutrin, neutriny, mionové neutriny, lectures, 6, and 53
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
V roce 1918 zaznamenal detektor Kamiokande v toku atmosférických neutrin neočekávaný deficit mionových neutrin. V té době se za možné vysvětlení považovaly neutrinové oscilace. Posléze, v roce 1998, při studiu atmosférických neutrin detektorem Super-Kamiokande byly neutrinové oscilace objeveny, což vedlo k závěru, že neutrina mají hmotnost. Cítím, že jsem měl mimořádné štěstí, protože jsem se tohoto vzrušujícího objevu od samého počátku účastnil. Objev nenulových hmotností neutrin otevřel okno ke studiu fyziky nad rámec standardního modelu fyziky elementárních částic, zejména fyziky na škále velmi vysokých energií, jakou je velké sjednocení interakcí elementárních částic. Současně však zbývá mnoho věcí, které je třeba pozorovat na samotných neutrinech. Další studium neutrin by nám mohlo poskytnout informace, které mají fundamentální význam pro naše porozumění přírodě, jako např. původ hmoty ve vesmíru., An unexpected muon neutrino deficit was observed in the atmospheric neutrino flux by Kamiokande in 1988. At that time neutrino oscillation was considered as a possible explanation for the data. Subsequently, in 1998, through the studies of atmospheric neutrinos, Super-Kamiokande discovered neutrino oscillations, establishing that neutrinos have mass. I feel that I have been extremely lucky, because I have been involved in the excitement of this discovery from its very beginning. The discovery of nonzero neutrino masses has opened a window to study physics beyond the Standard Model of elementary particle physics, notably physics at a very high energy scale such as the grand unification of elementary particle interactions. At the same time, there are still many things to be observed in neutrinos themselves. Further studies of neutrinos might give us information of fundamental importance for our understanding of nature, such as the origin of the matter in the Universe., Takaaki Kajita ; přeložil Ivan Gregora., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

9. Oprava poškodenej DNA. Nobelova cena za chémiu 2015

Creator:
Piršel, Miroslav
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Sancar, Aziz, Modrich, Paul, Lindahl, Tomas, chemie, Nobelova cena (ocenění), DNA (nukleová kyselina), physics, chemistry, Nobel Prizes, 6, and 53
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
Damage induced in DNA by numerous chemical and physical factors as well as spontaneously formed imperfections in DNA structure pose a threat to all organisms. To counteract this threat, living cells have evolved a series of DNA repair pathways to correct DNA lesions affecting base pairings or the structure of DNA. Today we understand, in a large part, the molecular mechanisms of these pathways in detail due to the pioneering studies by Tomas LIndahl, Paul Modrich and Aziz Sancar, which opened up this field of research. Tomas Lindahl discovered the molecular machinery of base excision repair - the main cell defence against endogeneous DNA damage. Aziz Sancar characterised, at the molecular level, details of the mechanisms of nucleotide excision repair - the major repair system of DNA damage caused by environmental factors such as UV-irradiation and various genotoxic chemicals including chemotherapeutic agents. Paul Modrich uncovered a mismatch repair - the way how cells resolve errors which occur during DNA replication. Therefore, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded jointly Lindahl, Modrich, and Sancar the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2015 for their "Mechanistic studies of DNA repair". In this paper, we briefly summarise the results of their work., Miroslav Piršel., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

10. Optická mikroskopie od van Leeuwenhoeka k Nobelově ceně za chemii v roce 2014

Creator:
Plášek, Jaromír
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Van Leeuwen, W. A. (Willem Andries), 1943-, fyzika, optická mikroskopie, Nobelova cena (ocenění), physics, optical microscopy, Nobel Prizes, 6, and 53
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
Díky optické mikroskopii mohla vzniknout buněčná biologie. Významnou roli hraje tato mikroskopie též v materiálovém výzkumu a dalších vědních oborech, jakož i mnoha praktických činnostech. Od konce 19. století je zásluhou Lorda Rayleigha a Ernsta Abbeho známo, že rozlišovací schopnost standardních optických mikroskopů je rovna zhruba polovině vlnové délky použitého světla. V uplynulém čtvrtstoletí však vzniklo několik převratných metod, které zlepšily rozlišovací schopnost optických mikroskopů natolik, že místo o mikroskopii můžeme dnes již mluvit o nanoskopii., The invention of light microscope belongs to one of the most fundamental contributions ever made to the advancement of biology. This imaging technique played also an important role in material science and other disciplines, as well as in many practical applications. Before the end of the 19th century. Lord Rayleigh and Ernst Abbe recognised that the resolution limit of optical microscopes is about half the wavelength of the light used. In the past two decades, however, several revolutionary methods were established which improved the resolution of optical microscopes to such an extent that, instead of microscopy, we can now talk about optical nanoscopy., Jaromír Plášek., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Rights:
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