Mediální dialog ztrácí některé rysy přirozeného dialogu tváří v tvář, který leží v jeho půdorysu, a získává rysy další, neboť komunikace tu přestupuje přes hranice primární řečové situace. Televizní dialog je dialog veřejný, který se vede před diváckým publikem a pro toto publikum. Divák je nejen svědkem, ale pravým cílem, k němuž je dialog směrován. Stať analyzuje komunikační situaci, při níž jsou ve studiu přítomni redaktor a dva hosté, představitelé různých profesí a názorových proudů (ekonom a ekoložka) i různých stanovisek к určité otázce (globalizace). Redaktor se obrací s otázkami střídavě к oběma. aby je vzájemně konfrontoval a spor vyhrotil. Dotazovaní hosté se snaží nejen odpovídat na otázky redaktora (to je jejich základní role v interview), ale i zpochybňovat či přímo vyvracet odpovědi druhého z hostí (role často neméně důležitá). Hosté komunikují nejen s redaktorem, ale komunikují i mezi sebou navzájem, ať už skrytě, či zjevně, s cílem získat diváka na svou stranu. Stať analyzuje toto interview v souvislosti s otázkou typologie debat a debat založených na konfliktu zájmů a konfliktu hodnot.
The potential role of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (i-IELs) in the generation of host protective immunity after helminth infection was investigated using the Trichinella spiralis (Owen, 1835)/mouse model. In this study we found a significant rise of TCRyô i-IELs (P < 0.001) concurrent with the jejunal goblet cells (GC) hyperplasia in T. spiralis-infected C57BL mice on day 4 p.i. However, no direct relationship between the kinetics of the increase in TCRy5+ i-IELs and T, spiralis expulsion was observed in infected mice. Taken together, these results implicate that γδ i-IELs probably perform a unique functions related to the regulation of the CiC proliferation accompanying T. spiralis gut infection. As is known, these TCRyS* i-IELs may release mediators or growth factors that in turn influence GC differentiation. With the use of dexamethason (DEX), a potent anti-inflammatory agent which also induces apoplotic ceil death in i-IELs, wc have confirmed that the expulsion of T. spiralis from the mouse gut is accompanied by an inflammatory response. Indeed, the GC are clearly involved in these phenomena, apparently under the regulation by TCRy8+ i-lEL-mediated responses, since DEX abrogated GC proliferation in T. spiralis-infected C57BL mice and subsequently augmented adult worm burden. Our data also show that the rejection of adult worms starts concurrently with a significant increase in TCRaß* and CDS* i-IELs (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively), namely by day 7 p.i. At the same time, CD4* cells significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in the intestinal epithelium of T. spira/ir-infected, ví uninfected mice. These results may indicate that the TCRaß4 and CDS* i-IELs act as effectors of anti-7’, spiralis defence reactions. The implications of these findings for the potential role of intestinal intraepithélial CD8 and TCRaß' cells in the pathogenesis of the intestinal lesions during T. spiralis gut infection are discussed.
The sequences of 10 conservative regions (CR) of minicircles of 6 selected isolates of freshwater fish try-panosomes have typical organization of this region with high degree of sequence conservation. The comparison with CRs of other trypanosomatids showed that freshwater fish trypanosomes represent a compact separate group within the genus Trypanosoma. The alignment of all sequences obtained revealed, however, the existence of 2 types of CRs in sequenced minicirclcs, with the differences concentrated in a short region. Taxonomic consequences of these results arc discussed.
This review compiles information on the taxonomy, identification, geographical distribution, life cycles, host ranges, occurrence, development and growth in both intermediate and final hosts, pathogenicity, and control measures of AnguilUcola crassus and A. globiceps, swimbladder nematodes of farmed and wild populations of two species of eels, Anguilla japonica and A. anguilla, in East Asia. Anguillicola crassus is distributed in Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and China, while A. globiceps is reported only in Japan and China. These nematodes use cyclopoid copepods as intermediate hosts. Known intermediate hosts are Eucyclops serrulatus (Japan) and Therirwcyclops hyalinus (Korea) for A. crassus, and Mesocyclops leuckarti, T. hyalinus, T. taihokuensis, E. serrulatus, Acanthocyclops viridis, and Cyclops slrenuus (China) for A. globiceps. Anguillicola crassus shows a seasonal occurrence in T. hyalinus with high prevalence in summer, Paratenic hosts are yet unknown in East Asia. Anguillicola crassus is relatively common in farmed and wild populations of Anguilla japonica in East Asia, but A. globiceps is usually found in wild populations of A. japonica in Japan and China. In culture ponds, A. crassus is more prevalent and abundant in A. anguilla than in A. japonica. Although A. globiceps induces only the thickening of the host’s swimbladder wall, A. crassus gives severe pathological effects in A. anguilla and heavy infection leads to host mortality. Prevalence of A. crassus in A. japonica cultured in Japan and Korea is relatively low in winter, whereas prevalence of A. globiceps in wild populations of A. japonica from Japan is high in winter.
Cestodes of the family Anoplocephalidae Cholodkovsky, 1902, in their adult form, parasitize a variety of hosts, including reptiles, birds and mammals. To complete their life cycle, an intermediate host is required. This study gives a critical review of the life cycles of genera principally important to veterinary medicine (but sporadically infecting man): Anoplocephalinae (Anoplocephala, Anoplocephaloides, Bertiella and Monieziu) and Thysanosomatinae (Avitellina, Stilesia, Thysaniezia and Thysu-nosomu), using data reported by others and our own observations. The accepted paradigm on the biology of the anoplocephalid cestodes is that oribatid mites (Acarina) serve as intermediate hosts. However, as regards the genera Avitellina, Thysaniezia and Thysanosoma, it is still unclear whether oribatid mites are indeed the intermediate hosts, as larval forms (cysticercoids) have also been found in collcmbolans and psocids. Using the controversial biological cycle of Thysanosoma actinioides (Diesing, 1834), a theoretical methodological research proposal for parasitology was constructed which attempts to define a conceptional mark enabling us to predict and explain the parasite-hosts’ related phenomenon. Aspects of this proposal are discussed using the biology of the cestodes of family Anoplocephalidae, as examples.
Sheep scab caused by the mite Psoroptes ovis (Hering) is a highly contagious disease of sheep. As a first step in developing a mite-derived vaccine for controlling the disease, the soluble antigens in mite extracts which induce an immune response in sheep were identified by electrophoretic and immunoblotting techniques. At least 22 proteins were present in P. ovis extracts as revealed by Coomassie Blue staining. Mite-infested sheep serum recognised six antigenic bands in the extracts with approximate relative molecular weights ranging from 12 to 183 kDa. A deeply staining band at 31.2 kDa and another at 41.8 kDa are of particular diagnostic value. Immunoblotting studies showed that there was no cross reactivity between P. ovis and two other ectoparasites of sheep in the UK, the sheep louse Bovicola ovis (Schrank) and the sheep tick Ixodes ricinus L.
A new species of caligid copepod (Siphonostomatoida), Anuretes grandis sp. п., parasitic on the painted sweetlips [Diagrammapictum (Thunberg)] in Taiwan is described. The new species is distinguished from its congeners by having: (1) free margin of céphalothorax not covering fourth pediger, (2) large genital complex longer than 2/3 of the cephalic shield, (3) no maxillary whip, (4) leg 3 with 9 setae on the terminal segment of exopod and 8 plumose setae on the terminal segment of endopod, and (5) armature of I,III on leg 4 exopod. Genus Anuretes Heller, 1865 is reviewed and redefined. Based on the new diagnosis three species (A. chelatus Prahha et Pillai, A. fedderni Price and A. parvulus Wilson) were transferred to Pseudanureles, and two species (A.furcatus Capart and A. renalis Ileegaard) were transferred to Lepeophtheirus. In addition, the following three species of caligids were transferred to Anuretes: Lepeophtheirus fallolunulus Lewis, Heniochophilus indicus Pillai, and Lepeophtheirus rotundigenitalis Prabha et Pillai. The latter is renamed Anuretes occullus nom. n. due to the homonym encountered through this transfer. “Anuretes plectorhynchi Yamaguti” reported by Prabha and Pillai (1986) is renamed Anuretes similis sp. n. and Anuretes yamagutii Prabha et Pillai is relegated to the synonym of Anuretes anomalus Pillai. A key to the 18 species of Anuretes is provided.
A new hair follicle mite species, Apodemodex cumulus, is described from female and male specimens collected from the muzzle, lower jaw and vertex of Mediterranean water shrews, Neomys anomalus Cabrera taken in South Bohemia, Czech Republic. A new, at present monotypie genus Apodemodex is erected for this mite species. Diagnostic for the new genus are the morphology of the gnathosoma (the characters including conspicuous continuous arched antero-lateral contours of massive ventral face) and the morphology of the leg claws, which are deeply bifurcate and without spur.
In this paper I have introduced one case of modification of articulation at the word-boundary, i. e. the assimilation, which regularly takes place in Dutch, but is impeded in Czech. In Dutch the assimilation of [s] in front of [j] is the result of coarticulation, applied in order to reduce the articulatory effort. It is, however, not an isolated phenomenon, but it is connected with the not clearly defined phonological and phonetic opposition of [s] and [š]. In Czech, despite the presumption that the coarticulation of the [s] in front of [j] also is possible, it is not audible for the speakers as modification, and - most importantly - it does not yield assimilation of the former to the latter, i. e. the realization of [š]. In our opinion the constraints are complex, in the first place we should point to the distinctive role of the /s/ and /š/ in the whole system. The perceptual segmentation in Czech, moreover, is ruled by the distribution of word-stress at the initial syllable of the word (after a pause); this brings about the hyperarticulation of the syllable, so that no need is felt to reduce the articulation. Because of the typological difference between Czech and Dutch, as respectively inflective and not-inflective languages, the phonetic phenomena at the word-end can be very significant and should be examined further.