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24612. nespecifikovano
- Type:
- model:periodicalitem and TEXT
- Language:
- English
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
24613. Nest box usage by old edible dormice (Glis glis) in breeding and non-breeding years
- Creator:
- Trout, Roger C., Brooks, Sarah, and Morris, Pat
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- extended hibernation, management, long term trend, and climate change
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Evidence from the only woodland study in the U.K. of the non-native edible dormouse shows (using nest boxes inspected monthly), that whilst some or much breeding occurs in most years, non-breeding years also occur. This is understood to relate to the number of tree species flowering in spring and the amount of flower production. Morris & Morris (2010) used a small sample to show that some adult animals do not appear in the nest box inspection records during the non-breeding years, but are present during the next breeding year. We have subsequently refined and increased the database, collating information on a sample of 222 glis (136 female, 86 male) known to be alive for between 5 and 13 years during a continuous study period of 18 years. The number of old animals (living to at least five years) recorded in nest boxes is significantly different between years of breeding and non-breeding with up to 90 % absent. There is no evidence that they move elsewhere in the isolated wood. Both males and females displayed this trait. The paper discusses alternative explanatory options interpreted from this. The applied science impact is that if 18 month hibernation is proven the time and cost implications for population control planning are severe. Future research is aimed at demonstrating the reality.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
24614. Nest loss and chick mortality in capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) and hazel grouse (Banasa bonasia) in West Carpathians
- Creator:
- Saniga, Miroslav
- Type:
- article and TEXT
- Subject:
- capercaillie, hazel grouse, predation pressure, and West Carpathians
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- From 1983–2001, nest and chick losses in capercaillie and hazel grouse were studied in the mountains of Central Slovakia (Veľká Fatra Mts, Malá Fatra Mts, Kremnické vrchy Mts, Starohorské vrchy Mts, and Nízke Tatry Mts, 18°50’–19°10’E; 48°47’–49°19’N). Out of 75 capercaillie clutches 49 (65%) were destroyed. Out of 159 hazel grouse clutches 104 (65%) were destroyed. The main mammalian egg predators were stone marten (Martes foina), pine marten (Martes martes), mustelids (Mustela sp.), and red fox (Vulpes vulpes) (altogether 22%), wild boar (Sus scrofa) (9%), and brown bear (Ursus arctos) (3%). The predation pressure on capercaillie and hazel grouse nests decreased significantly during the incubation period (74% nest losses during the first half of May, 54% in the second half of May). Nest losses in both capercaillie and hazel grouse followed the fluctuation in small rodents, with lowest losses during peak year (57%) and highest losses during crash year (82%) and prepeak year (80%). Average number of capercaillie chicks accompanying a hen in June significantly decreased during the study period (5.0 in 1983, 2.6 in 2001). In contrast, in hazel grouse, no significant decrease in number of chicks per hen in June was recorded during the study period.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
24615. Nest predation in European reedbeds
- Creator:
- Báldi, András and Batáry, Péter
- Type:
- article and TEXT
- Subject:
- artificial nests, edge effect, habitat fragmentation, great reed warbler, and variability
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Higher nest predation at habitat edges is a major problem for conservation biology. We studied nest predation using artificial nests resembling great reed warblers’ nests at edges and interiors of reedbeds in four large wetlands in Europe: Lake Hornborga (Sweden), Lake Neusiedl (Austria), Lake Velence (Central-Hungary) and Kis-Balaton marshland (West-Hungary). Nest losses showed great local and temporal variation, and in general there was larger nest predation at the edges than in the interior reedbeds. Predation rates of artificial nests along different reedbed edges showed great variation. In contrast, predation rates of interiors were more similar across all experiments, with less variation. This may indicate the existence of a habitat-specific predation rate with less variation in interiors of large habitats, while edges are more exposed to the influences of other factors, which resulted in higher variation of predation rates among study sites. Therefore, reedbed conservation should prefer large stands if considering only passerine nest predation, because (1) nest survival seems to be higher in interior than at edges, and (2) because interiors are less variable, i.e. more stable than edges. The designation of reedbeds cannot rely on reedbed edges, where predation can change due to factors not related to the reed habitat at all.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
24616. Nest: re-engineering the compositional approach to rule-based inference
- Creator:
- Berka, Petr, Laš, Vladimír, and Svátek, Vojtěch
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- expert systems and rule-based reasoning
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- A compositional approach to rule-based inference is now often considered as overtaken by otlier approaches. We suggest that a few relatively straightforward extensions together with state-of-the-art implementation techniques should upgrade it to a level making it a useful part of today’s knowledge erigineering inventory. The ideas developed by the authors in mid-90s have recently been incorporated into a new expert systém called Nest. In addition to the traditional network of propositions and compositional rules, Nést also supports binary, nominal and numeric attributes used for derivation of proposition weights, logical (no uncertainty) and default (no antecedent) rules, context expressions and integrity constraints. The inference mechanism combines backward and forward chaining. Uncertainty processing (based on Hájek’s algebraic theory) allows interval weights interpreted as a union of hypothetical cases, and a novel set of combination functions inspired by neural networks has been added. The system is implemented in two versions: stand-alone and web-based client-server one. A user-friendly editor covering all mentioned features is included.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
24617. Nested matrices and inverse M-matrices
- Creator:
- Stuart, Jeffrey L
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- matematika, mathematics, nested matrix, tridiagonal matrix, inverse M-matrix, principal minor, determinant, QR-factorization, 13, and 51
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Given a sequence of real or complex numbers, we construct a sequence of nested, symmetric matrices. We determine the LU- and QR-factorizations, the determinant and the principal minors for such a matrix. When the sequence is real, positive and strictly increasing, the matrices are strictly positive, inverse M-matrices with symmetric, irreducible, tridiagonal inverses., Jeffrey L. Stuart., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
24618. Nested PCR detection of Plasmodium malariae from microscopy confirmed P. falciparum samples in endemic area of NE India
- Creator:
- Dhiman, Sunil, Goswami, Diganta, Kumar, Dinesh, Rabha, Bipul, Kumar Sharma, Dhirendra, Kumar Bhola, Rakesh, Baruah, Indra, and Veer, Vijay
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- malaria, diagnostics, blood samples, OptiMAL-IT®, sensitivity, specificity, and Assam
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The present study evaluates the performance of OptiMAL-IT® test and nested PCR assay in detection of malaria parasites. A total of 76 randomly selected blood samples collected from two malaria endemic areas were tested for malaria parasites using microscopy and OptiMAL-IT® test in the field. PCR assays were performed in the laboratory using DNA extracted from blood spots of the same samples collected on the FTA™ classic cards. Of the total of 61 field confirmed malaria positive samples, only 58 (95%) were detected positive using microscopy in the laboratory. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and false discovery rate of OptiMal-IT® in comparison to the microscopy were 93%, 83%, 95%, 79% and 5%, respectively. On the other hand, the sensitivity and specificity of PCR assay were 97% and 100 %, respectively, whereas positive predictive value, negative predictive value and false discovery rate were 100%, 90% and 0%, respectively. The overall performance of OptiMal-IT® and PCR assays for malaria diagnosis was 76% and 97%, respectively. PCR assay enabled the identification of infection with Plasmodium malariae Laveran, 1881 in four samples misidentified by microscopy and Plasmodium-specific antigen (PAN) identified by the OptiMAL-IT® test. In addition to the standard methods, such PCR assay could be useful to obtain the real incidence of each malaria parasite species for epidemiological perspectives.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
24619. Nesteroidní antirevmatika a jejich účinky na kardiovaskulární aparát
- Creator:
- Forejtová, Šárka
- Type:
- model:article, article, Text, and TEXT
- Subject:
- antiflogistika nesteroidní--aplikace a dávkování--farmakologie--škodlivé účinky, inhibitory cyklooxygenázy--aplikace a dávkování--farmakologie--škodlivé účinky, hodnocení rizik, retrospektivní studie, kardiovaskulární nemoci--epidemiologie--chemicky indukované, srdeční selhání--epidemiologie--chemicky indukované, hypertenze--epidemiologie--chemicky indukované, Aspirin--aplikace a dávkování--farmakologie, lékové interakce, kombinovaná farmakoterapie, lidé, and staří
- Language:
- Czech and English
- Description:
- Nesteroidní antirevmatika (NSA) patří k nejčastěji používaným lékům. Mají stále své nezastupitelné místo, především při léčbě bolesti a zánětlivých projevů v oblasti muskuloskeletálního systému. Jejich podávání je však provázeno poměrně častým výskytem nežádoucích gastrointestinálních příhod. Koxiby byly vyvinuty za účelem snížení rizika nežádoucích příhod v oblasti zažívacího traktu, později bylo ale zjištěno, že mohou zvyšovat výskyt kardiovaskulárních příhod. V poslední době však bylo prokázáno, že tento kardiotoxický efekt mají různou měrou všechna NSA, a to selektivní i neselektivní včetně diklofenaku, ibuprofenu atd, nejmenší riziko z hlediska kardiotoxicity má pravděpodobně naproxen. Současné užívání kyseliny acetylsalicylové (KAS) redukuje riziko vzniku kardiovaskulárních příhod, pokud je podávána spolu s celekoxibem, rofekoxibem, meloxikamem nebo indometacinem, její účinek však může být snižován současným podáváním ibuprofenu. Je nutné zvážit u každého jedince poměr gastroinestinálního i kardiovaskulárního rizika, vyhodnotit i další rizikové faktory, a podle toho pak zvolit optimální terapeutický postup., Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are among the most often used drugs. They are still irreplaceable, primarily in the management of pain and inflammatory symptoms in the sphere of the musculoskeletal system. However, their application is associated with a relatively frequent occurrence of adverse gastrointestinal events. Coxibs were developed to reduce the risk of adverse gastrointestinal events, but later they were found to potentially increase the rate of cardiovascular events. Recently, however, it has been proven that all NSAID have this cardiotoxic effect to a greater or a lesser extent, i.e. both selective and non-selective NSAIDs, including diclophenac, ibuprofen, etc., the lowest cardiotoxicity risk being probably associated with naproxen. Concomitant use of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) reduces the risk of cardiovascular events, as long as it is administered together with celecoxib, rofecoxib, meloxicam or indometacin, but its effect may be decreased by simultaneous use of ibuprofen. The ratio of gastrointestinal and cardiovascular risk must be assessed on an individual basis, apart from other risk factors, before choosing the best therapeutic strategy, Šárka Forejtová, and Lit.: 57
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
24620. Netherlandish painters in Ljubljana. A work by Peter Auwercx in the Ursuline church /
- Creator:
- Murovec, Barbara,
- Type:
- text and studie
- Subject:
- Auwercx, Peter,, města slovinská, malíři nizozemští, obrazy, světové dějiny 1648-1789, and malířství, malíři
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Nizozemští malíři v Lublani. Práce Petera Auwercxe v kostele uršulinek.
- Rights:
- unknown