Scent marking is widely recognised to have a crucial function in many species. Most research has focussed on adults and very little is known about scent marking patterns during juvenile development. Using video records of juvenile red fox Vulpes vulpes across six years, we tested whether scent marking rates varied with age or sex, or whether juveniles remaining on the natal territory (philopatry) marked more frequently than those that disappeared. Our data show that male juvenile red foxes scent marked more than females during early development, but rates rapidly declined as they aged. In contrast, females showed a significantly later and slower rate of decline. Within females, individuals that remained in the natal area had higher scent marking rates than those that disappeared,suggesting that scent marking has a role in social group affiliation within litters. These results demonstrate that scent marking plays an important role in juveniles, including their intra-litter social interactions.
The aim of this work was to evaluate ontogeny of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) production by peripheral blood phagocytes in pig. Pig fetuses (55 and 92 days of gestation) and postnatal piglets (1, 3, 8, 17, 31 and 41 days after birth) were used. RNS production was measured by fluorescent probes diaminofluorescein-diacetate (DAF-FMDA) and dichloro-fluorescein-diacetate (H2DCFDA). Levels of nitration of cell proteins were established by immunofluorescent detection of nitrotyrosine. Levels of plasma nitrites/nitrates were detected spectrophotometrically by Griess reaction. Nitric oxide production measured by DAF-FMDA in neutrophils decreased during postnatal life. Spontaneous RNS measured by H2DCFDA decreased from 55th day of gestation to the 41st day of life. Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate activated production decreased during postnatal life. Production of NO measured by DAF-FMDA in macrophages decreased from the 1st to 41st day after birth. RNS production measured by H2DCFDA in monocytes did not show any significant changes during ontogeny. The level of nitrotyrosine significantly decreased from the 3rd to 17th day. Levels of plasma nitrites/nitrates gradually decreased from the 55th day of gestation to the 41st day after birth. A temporary increase in all parameters occurred after weaning, but without any significance. In conclusion, RNS production has a decreasing trend during ontogeny and is transiently upregulated after weaning., P. Zelníčková, M. Faldyna, J. Ondráček, H. Kovářů, F. Kovářů., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
The article gives an overview of developmental aspects of the ontogeny of pain both in experimental models and in children. The whole article is devoted to the ontogenesis in pain perception and the possible influence on it. The role of endogenous opioids on the development of pain and other important substances such as serotonin, nerve growth factor (NGF) and nicotine are mentioned. There are also important differences of the ontogenesis of thermal and mechanical nociceptive stimulation. The physiological and pathophysiological findings are the backgrounds for principles of treatment, taking into account the special status of analgesics during ontogeny. In particular there are mentioned the special effects of endogenous opioids and especially morphine. It describes the role of vitamin D and erythropoietin during the development of pain perception. This article also mentioned the critical developmental periods in relation to the perception of pain. The attention is paid to stress and immunological changes during the ontogeny of pain. Another important role is played by microglia. The work is concluded by some statements about the use of physiological and pathophysiological findings during the treatment of pain in pediatric practice. Codein analgesia is also described because codein starts to be very modern drug with the dependence., R. Rokyta, J. Fricová., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Thirty-eight specimens of Oochoristica macallisteri sp. n. were recovered from the small intestines of 16 of 123 (13 %) side-blotched lizards, Ota stansburiana Baird et Girard from California, USA. Oochoristica macallisteri sp. n. belongs to a group of species of Oochoristica possessing fewer than 25 testes in a single cluster and circular suckers, namely, O. elongata, O. junkea, O. lygosnmae. O. lygosomalis, O. novaezealandae, O. parvngenitalis and O. sobolevi. The new species can be readily differentiated from the other species of this group by number of lobules of the ovary or number of proglottids and from other species from California by number of testes or shape of vitellarium.
Zkoumali jsme jak efektivněji využít zdroje a příležitosti, které máme k dispozici, abychom více publikovali a aby výstupy byly kvalitnější. Obhajujeme opatření pro zvýšení efektivity, jakým je soustředění se na konkrétní oblasti výzkumu, zahraniční publikace, nahrazení monografi í doktorandů a habilitací publikováním článků v mezinárodních časopisech, vzděláváním výzkumných pracovníků, vyhledáváním mladých talentů a mezinárodních partnerů. Všechna tato opatření lze zavést bez zásahu zvnějšku., We explored what can be done with more effi cient use of the resources and opportunities we already have such that we produce more output and more high quality output. We advocate measures for improving effi ciency, such as focusing on certain research fi elds, publishing internationally, replacing monographs for PhD students and habilitation, by publishing international articles, educating researchers by establishing graduate schools, selecting young talent and fi nding international partners. All of these measures can be taken without external interference., Assoc. Prof. Jitse P. van Dijk MD PhD, and Literatura