Pattern of right ventricular pressure (RVP) fall and its afterload dependence were examined by analyzing ventricular pressure curves and corresponding pressure‑dP/dt phase planes obtained in both ventricles in the rat heart in situ. Time and value of dP/dtmin, and the time constant τ were measured at baseline and during variable RV afterload elevations, induced by beat-to-beat pulmonary trunk constrictions. RVP and left ventricular pressure (LVP) decays were divided into initial accelerative and subsequent decelerative phases separated by corresponding dP/dtmin. At baseline, LVP fall was decelerative during 4/5 of its course, whereas only 1/3 of RVP decay occurred in a decelerative fashion. During RV afterload elevations, the absolute value of RV-dP/dtmin and RV-τ increased, whilst time to RV‑dP/dtmin decreased. Concomitantly, the proportion of RVP decay following a decelerative course increased, so that in highly RV afterloaded heartbeats RVP fall became more similar to LVP fall. In conclusion, RVP and LVP decline have distinct patterns, their major portion being decelerative in the LV and accelerative in the RV. In the RV, dP/dtmin, τ and the proportional contribution of accelerative and decelerative phases for ventricular pressure fall are afterload-dependent. Consequently, τ evaluates a relatively much shorter segment of RVP than LVP fall.
Rhythms in abdominal pumping, heartbeats and discontinuous gas exchange cycles (DGCs) of CFV subtype (closed, flutter and ventilation periods) in adults of pine weevil Hylobius abietis were simultaneously recorded using an electrolytic microrespirometer and an infrared (IR) cardiograph or IR actograph (IRA). The cyclic release of carbon dioxide was associated with active ventilation (V phase) provided by vigorous abdominal pumping movements due to contractions of tonic longitudinal and transversal abdominal muscles, which are visible to the naked eye. On the IRA-recordings, the abdominal pumping signals are superimposed on the heartbeat spikes. The relative amplitude of the abdominal pumping signals on these recordings is more than 10 times greater than that of the heart beats. Visual observations showed that the subelytral cavity appeared to be closed during the release of carbon dioxide and open at other times. The flutter (F) of the CFV cycle is characterised by active miniature inspirations or ventilations before the V period. The miniature ventilation movements were imperceptible to the naked eye, but were recorded on the respirometer-actigraph as clear spikes. In addition, movements of the tip of the abdomen, of between 10-20 mm were seen under a stereomicroscope at a magnification of 40×. Some cycles were categorized as (C)FV cycles, when the C period disappears into the end of the V period. Abdominal pumping and miniature inspirations were clearly synchronized with the CFV cycles. Abdominal pumping movements, miniature inspirations or ventilations and heartbeats in adult H. abietis were distinguishable when recordings of the electrolytic microrespirometer-actograph and IRA were made in parallel. These three events were recognized by their different amplitudes and frequencies. It is presumed that abdominal pumping and miniature inspirations in adult H. abietis are obligatory rhythmic movements of different function and origin.
In this study we analyzed the inter-specific relationships in assemblages of syrphids at a site in northern Italy in order to determine whether there are patterns in diurnal co-occurrence. We adopted a null model approach and calculated two co-occurrence metrics, the C-score and variance ratio (V-ratio), both for the total catch and of the morning (8:00–13:00) and afternoon (13:00–18:00) catches separately, and for males and females. We recorded discordant species richness, abundance and co-occurrence patterns in the samples collected. Higher species richness and abundance were recorded in the morning, when the assemblage had an aggregated structure, which agrees with previous findings on communities of invertebrate primary consumers. A segregated pattern of co-occurrence was recorded in the afternoon, when fewer species and individuals were collected. The pattern recorded is likely to be caused by a number of factors, such as a greater availability of food in the morning, prevalence of hot and dry conditions in the early afternoon, which are unfavourable for hoverflies, and possibly competition with other pollinators. Our results indicate that restricting community studies to a particular time of day will result in certain species and/or species interactions not being recorded., Manuela D´Amen ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Fleas infecting northern white-breasted hedgehogs, Erinaceus roumanicus (Barrett-Hamilton), collected from 2009-2011 in Budapest (Hungary) were studied. A total of 305 white-breasted hedgehogs were captured and 1,251 fleas were collected. The flea community comprised two species, the hedgehog flea Archaeopsylla erinacei (Bouche, 1835) and the dog flea Ctenocephalides canis (Curtis, 1826), although the latter was only found on three hedgehogs. Fleas were found on half of the host specimens (51%; n = 156) where their distribution was strongly aggregated. The sex ratio of A. erinacei was biased towards females and was correlated with host size. Interestingly, the sex ratio of fleas became more equal on heavier hosts. It had been expected that, under high competition, the sex ratio would be female biased because it is known that female ectoparasites dominate on poorer hosts. The body size of a random sample of 200 fleas (100 female and 100 male) was measured under a microscope. The analyses showed directional asymmetry in two features - the distance between the top of the head and the eye, and head length. In this two body traits the left side was significantly greater than right side in both sexes of A. erinacei. Our data shed light on the complex nature of the flea population infecting northern white-breasted hedgehogs in an urban area., Krzysztof Dudek, Gábor Földvári, Viktória Majláthová, Igor Majláth, Krisztina Rigó, Viktor Molnár, Mária Tóth, Łukasz Jankowiak, Piotr Tryjanowski., and Obsahuje bibliografii
1_Urbanisation is an important cause of species extinctions. Although urban water systems are also highly modified, studies on aquatic or semi-aquatic organisms are rare. The aim of this study is to identify the factors that determine species richness of Odonata in 22 Central European cities and along an urban-rural gradient within six of them. With 64 indigenous species in total and an average of 33 species per city, the species richness of Odonata in Central European cities is comparatively high. A generalised linear model indicates that species richness is positively related to city area. Additional predictors are climatic variables (temperature amplitude, sunshine duration and July temperature) and the year last studied. Since most cities are usually located in areas with naturally high habitat heterogeneity, we assume that cities should be naturally rich in dragonflies. The role of city area as a surrogate for habitat and structural richness most likely explains why it is strongly associated with Odonata species richness. The relationship between species richness and the climatic variables probably reflects that Odonata species richness in Central Europe is limited by warm and sunny conditions more than by availability of water. The temporal effect (the year last studied) on species richness is likely to be a consequence of the recent increase in Mediterranean species associated with global warming. Urbanisation clearly has an adverse effect on the species diversity of Odonata. Species richness increases along a gradient from the centre of a city to the rural area and is significantly highest in rural areas. This pattern probably reflects a gradient of increasing habitat quality from the centre of cities to rural areas. Moreover, the number of water bodies is generally very low in the city centres., 2_Based on our results, we make recommendations for increasing the abundance and number of species of dragonflies in cities., Christoph Willigalla, Thomas Farmann., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The plant vigour hypothesis (PVH) predicts that females of galling insects preferentially oviposit on the most vigorous plants or plant modules, where their offspring's performance is highest. In the years 1995 to 1998, we evaluated the responses of species of two different guilds, two chewing species, Pantomorus sp. and Naupactus lar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and one galling species, Contarinia sp. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), to the length of shoots that were assumed to show the vigour of the tropical shrub Bauhinia brevipes (Leguminosae). The abundance of the chewing herbivores was not influenced by shoot length, since attack rates were randomly distributed among shoot length classes. The abundance of Contarinia galls increased with increasing shoot length, as proposed by the PVH. However, when we related the attack rate to unit length of shoot (cm), which denotes the resource availability per unit length, there was no effect of shoot length on Contarinia sp. These data corroborate the idea of a continuum of responses to plant quality, even when different herbivores feed on the same host plant.
Grouse populations have considerably declined in Finland, and local declines have also been reported from Russian Karelia (H e l l e et al. 2003). Reasons for the decline are poorly understood. We have studied the relationship between landscape structure and black grouse density in Russian Karelia and compared it with East Finland. The spatial density distribution of the black grouse population is relatively even, especially in areas with a high proportion of forest land. Correlations between forest structure and black grouse abundance were generally low. We found three significant correlations for Russian Karelia: positive for clear cuts and young forests and negative for the proportion of old forests.areas with high abundance of black grouse are characterized by high representation of clear cuts and secondary forests (1.3 and 1.2 times higher than the average, respectively) and low representation of built-up areas, roads and old forests (1.3, 2.0 and 1.8 times lower than the average, respectively; the differences are significant). In Russian taiga “natural factors” (e.g. predation, diseases and climatic factors) might be of higher importance, than forestry.
We conducted a molecular phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I and nuclear 28S rRNA gene sequences of species of Japanese elmids (23 species from 12 genera) and examined the hind-wings of 24 species in order to determine the incidence of hind-wing degeneration among species and the presence of dimorphic species with respect to hind-wing degeneration. Based on the molecular phylogenetic analysis, we determined that the previously separated winged and wingless species, Stenelmis vulgaris and S. miyamotoi, and Leptelmis gracilis and L. parallela, are two forms of the same species. Of the 24 species whose hind wings were studied, we found apterous (3 species of Zaitzeviaria), brachypterous (2 species of each of Optioservus and Paramacronychus) and dimorphic species (2 species as above) in separate clades of the phylogeny. These were the smallest or medium-sized species. Dimorphic species occurred in mid- to downstream areas and used reeds and wood as substrates. The percentage of species with hind-wing degeneration (wingless or dimorphic) was high among the species (29%) studied compared to the perceived percentage for temperate beetles (<10%). Thus, we found that the degeneration of hind wings has occurred repeatedly in these elmid species. However, we identified only ambiguous habitat and life history correlates of hind-wing degeneration, and the adaptive significance of hind-wing degeneration in these species of elmids remains unclear., Masakazu Hayashi, Simon D. Song, Teiji Sota., and Obsahuje seznam literatury