Molekulárne zobrazovacie techniky (PET, SPECT) zohrávajú dôležitú úlohu v nukleárnej medicíne. 64Cu sa javí ako významný rádionuklid, ktorý má potenciál si nájsť svoje uplatnenie v diagnostike ako aj v terapii. Avšak 64Cu musí byť do živého organizmu dopravená vo forme rádiofarmaka s cielenou biodistribúciou a dostatočnou in vivo stabilitou. Preto je často rozhodujúcou súčasťou celého rádiofarmaka polydentátny ligand, ktorý tvorí komplex s rádionuklidom medi. Tento prehľadový článok je venovaný najmä klasifikácii ligandov, ktoré dokážu tvoriť stabilné cheláty s 64Cu., x, Roman Staník, Jan Světlík, and Literatura
Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois, 1818) (tarnished plant bug) is a serious pest of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in the Delta region as compared to cotton in the Hills region of the state of Mississippi in USA. The reason for this is unclear but it was hypothesized that the plant cell wall degrading polygalacturonase enzyme system in the salivary glands of L. lineolaris from the Delta could be better adapted for cotton, which is grown more predominantly in the Delta region than in the Hills region. Expression analysis of three primary polygalacturonase genes (LlPG1, LlPG2 and LlPG3) was conducted in laboratory reared and field collected populations of L. lineolaris. Assay of polygalacturonase enzyme activity was also conducted to compare wild collected populations. Initial laboratory and field data revealed gene expression differences in sex, age, region, and host plant which guided the direction of our subsequent study during 2013 and 2014. Based on the results of this study, we propose that the three genes studied may not be reflective of the entire polygalacturonase enzyme system and may not be solely responsible for the observed adaptation of L. lineolaris to cotton in the Delta region than in the Hills region. Analyses also revealed that the expression of the three targeted polygalacturonase genes was affected by the host plant from which the insects were collected and that adults had higher polygalacturonase expression than nymphs. Taken together, our results provide strong evidence for developmental stage specific and host plant based change in expression of PG genes in the salivary glands of L. lineolaris. This, however, was not reflected in total polygalacturonase enzyme activity which was not significantly different between regions, hosts, sex, or developmental stage., Daniel Fleming, Natraj Krishnan, Fred Musser., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Since 2007, the year of their first widespread use, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have become the “gold standard” for the detection of causal genes and polymorphisms in all fields of human medicine. Cardiovascular disease (CVD), one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality, is no except ion. The first GWAS focused on hypercholesterole mia and dyslipid emia as the major CVD determinants. GWAS confirm the importance of most of the previously identified genes (e.g. APOE, APOB, LDL-R) and recogni ze the importance of new genetic determinants (e.g. within the CILP2 or SORT1 gene clusters). Nevertheless, the results of GWAS still require confirmation by independent studies, as interethnic and interpopulation variability of SNP effects have been reported. We analy zed an association between eight variants within seven through GWAs detected loci and plasma lipid values in the Czech post -MONICA population sample (N= 2,559). We confirmed an association (all P<0.01) between plasma LDL-cholesterol values and variants within the CILP2 (rs16996148), SORT1 (rs646776), APOB (rs693), APOE (rs4420638) and LDL-R (rs6511720) genes in both males (N= 1,194) and females (N =1,368). In contrast, variants within the APOB (rs515135), PCSK9 (rs11206510) and HMGCoAR (rs12654264) genes did not significantly affect plasma lipid values in Czech males or females. Unweighted gene score values were linearly associated with LDL-cholesterol values both in males (P<0.0005) and females (P<0.00005). We confirmed the effects of some, but not all analyzed SNPs on LDL-cholesterol levels, reinforcing the necessity for replication studies of GWA-detected gene variants., J. A. Hubacek, V. Adamkova, V. Lanska, D. Dlouha., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Polygraphus grandiclava (Thomson, 1886) is a unique scolytid species in that it infests both Pinaceae and Rosaceae. The utilization of such different host trees lead to the designation of two species at the beginning of the last century. Later on, these two species were synonymised. Here we investigated the genetic identity of populations collected from pine and cherry trees by sequencing a partial region of the mitochondrial COI gene. The phylogenetic study presented reveals no indication of host-induced differentiation within the mitochondrial sequences of the populations collected from the two host plants.
Cíl: Difuzní idiopatická kostní hyperostóza (diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis – DISH, morbus Forestier, ankylozující hyperostóza) se v oblasti krční páteře může projevit výraznými předními osteofyty. Klinické obtíže jsou často nevýrazné, charakteru nespecifických lokálních bolestí a blokád krční páteře. Poruchy polykání nebo fonace se vyskytují spíše vzácně. Jsou-li přítomny i masivní zadní osteofyty, mohou komprimovat nervové kořeny nebo míchu. V této práci popisujeme diagnostiku a chirurgickou léčbu předních osteofytů, které mohou způsobovat poruchy polykání. Metodika: Pojednáváme o 4 pacientech, u kterých byla přítomna porucha polykání jako dominantní příznak. Obtížné polykání tuhých soust uváděli 2 pacienti, 1 pacient měl navíc lokální křeče a bolesti v přední části krku. U 1 pacienta byla kromě polykacích obtíží přítomna komprese nervových struktur osteoproduktivními změnami a nestabilitou krční páteře. U všech osob jsme provedli RTG krční páteře, RTG polykacího aktu a CT krku. U 1 pacienta jsme objektivizovali míšní kompresi pomocí MRI krční páteře a doplnili elektrofyziologická vyšetření (EMG, somatosensorické a motorické evokované potenciály). Výsledky: Výrazná pooperační úleva po snesení osteofytů byla přítomná u všech osob. U 1 pacienta byla doplněna dekomprese nervových struktur rovněž s výrazným pooperačním zlepšením neurologického nálezu. Závěr: V diferenciální diagnostice polykacích a fonačních obtíží je třeba pomýšlet na možnou kompresi jícnu a trachey předními osteofyty. Důležité je vyšetření RTG polykacího aktu a CT krku. I přes rizika operačního výkonu (např. perforace jícnu) přináší snesení předních osteofytů okamžitou úlevu. Při klinických projevech komprese míchy nebo kořenů je nutné provést zároveň dekompresi nervových struktur., Objective: Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH, Forestier's disease, ankylosing hyperostosis) can manifest as large anterior osteophytes in the cervical spine region. Clinical symptoms are often mild, taking the form of unspecified local pain and blockades in the cervical spine. Swallowing or phonation difficulties are rather rare. If also massive posterior osteophytes are present, they can compress the nerve roots or the spinal cord. The article describes the diagnosing and surgical treatment of anterior osteophytes which can cause swallowing disturbances. Method: We report 4 patients with swallowing disturbance as the dominant symptom. Two patients reported difficulty in swallowing of solid food, one patient had local spasms and pains in the front part of the neck in addition to the above problems. One patient suffered from compression of nerve structures due to osteoproductive changes and instability of the cervical spine in addition to swallowing difficulties. An X-ray examination of the cervical spine and of the act of swallowing and a CT examination of the neck were performed in each patient. Spinal cord compression was ascertained by means of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the spine and complementary electrophysiological examinations were performed (EMG, somatosensory and motor evoked potentials) in one patient. Results: Dramatic relief after the ablation of osteophytes was observed in all the patients. In one of the patients, a dramatic post-surgical improvement of the neurological disorder was observed in addition to decompression of the nerve structures. Conclusion: Compression of the oesophagus and trachea by anterior osteophytes should be taken into consideration in differential diagnosing of swallowing and phonation difficulties. X-ray examination of the act of swallowing and CT examination of the neck are important. In spite the risk involved in the surgery (e.g. perforation of the oesophagus), ablation of anterior osteophytes brings immediate relief. In case of clinical symptoms of spinal cord or root compression, also decompression of nerve structures should be performed., Ivana Štětkářová, J. Chrobok, and Lit. 16
Polylabris lingaoensis sp. n. is described from the gills of the bald glassy, Ambassis gymnocephalus (Chandidae), from the Gulf of Tonkin (South China Sea), near Lingao, Hainan Province, China. The new species is characterized by a midventral vaginal pore, comparatively few (5-7) testes, and 2 parallel rows each comprised of 30-43 microcotylid clamps in the haptor. Polylabris lingaoensis is the only member of the genus known to parasitize a chandid host. Polylabris cf. mamaevi is described from the gills of the mottled spinefoot, Siganus fuscescens (Siganidae), from the South China Sea, which represents new host and locality records for the helminth. The gill parasites from S. fuscescens are tentatively assigned to P. mamaevi pending new collections and restudy of microcotylid species from siganid fishes.
Inflammation is a vital defense mechanism of living organisms. However, persistent and chronic inflammation may lead to severe pathological processes and evolve into various chronic inflammatory diseases (CID), e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus or inflammatory bowel diseases, or certain types of cancer. Their current treatment usually does not lead to complete remission. The application of nanotherapeutics may significantly improve CID treatment, since their accumulation in inflamed tissues has been described and is referred to as extravasation through leaky vasculature and subsequent inflammatory cell-mediated sequestration (ELVIS). Among nanotherapeutics, water-soluble polymer-drug conjugates may be highly advantageous in CID treatment due to the possibility of their passive and active targeting to the inflammation site and controlled release of active agents once there. The polymer-drug conjugate consists of a hydrophilic biocompatible polymer backbone along which the drug molecules are covalently attached via a biodegradable linker that enables controlled drug release. Their active targeting or bio-imaging can be achieved by introducing the cell-specific targeting moiety or imaging agents into the polymer conjugate. Here, we review the relationship between polymer conjugates and inflammation, including the benefits of the application of polymer conjugates in inflammation treatment, the anti-inflammatory activity of polymer drug conjugates and potential polymer-promoted inflammation and immunogenicity., E. Koziolová, K. Venclíková, T. Etrych., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques have been developed for the detection of microsporidian DNA in different biological samples. We used sequence data of the rRNA gene for the identification of Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Encephalitozoon intestinalis, E. cuniculi, and E. hellem in different biological samples of HIV-infected patients by PCR, Southern blot hybridization, restriction endonuclease digestion analysis, cloning, and comparative genetic sequencing. One primer pair was used for amplification of the entire small subunit (SSU)-rRNA gene of E. bieneusi, E, intestinalis, and E. hellem from samples with electron microscopy confirmed infection. The amplified 1.2 kb SSU-rRNA gene fragments were ligated into a pMOSBlue T-vector, transfected into pMOSS/ме competent cells, and were used as positive controls. Several primer pairs and hybridization probes were used to amplify and identify microsporidian DNA from different samples. Light microscopical examination of samples was performed in all patients and transmission electron microscopy was done on a subset of patient samples. DNA products were obtained from all samples with confirmed microsporidial infections. The identity of the DNA fragments was determined by Southern blot hybridization or by restriction endonuclease digestion analysis or by DNA sequencing. The results show that PCR is a reliable and sensitive indicator for the presence of microsporidian DNA in different biological samples of HIV-infected patients. PCR can be used further for species differentiation of microsporidia, even between species which cannot be differentiated by light and/or electron microscopy.