Arthur B. McDonald ; přeložil Ivan Gregora. and Proslov Artura B. McDonalda - v názvu článku je chybně uvedeno křestní jméno - správně = Arthura, tedy doplněno h
Each national language is described by specific grammatical rules. But rule-based knowledge representations alone cannot be used for the natural flow of speech.
In this paper, optimisation of the naturalness of speech, i.e. the optimal choice of phonetic and phonologic parameters for prosody modelling is sought. We will try to find relevant features (speech parameters) having the basic influence on the fundamental frequency and duration of speech units. If the prosody of the synthesizer is controlled by an artificial neural network (ANN), optimisation of the ANN topology is necessary.
The topology of the ANN is also dependent on the number of input neurons which represent the most important speech parameters. The pruning of the ANN based on the several approaches (GUHA method, sensitivities of the synaptic weights, etc.) is a suitable tool for reducing the ANN structure.
A new species, Prosorhynchus maternus sp. n., is described from the serranid fish Epinephelus malabaricus (Bloch et Schneider) in the waters off New Caledonia. It belongs to a group of Prosorhynchus species from serranids in which the uterus is restricted to the postovarian region. Its distinguishing features include the vitellarium relatively distant from the rhynchus, the cirrus-sac relatively distant from the posterior testis, the distinctly pre-equatorial mouth and several other somatic ratios. New records of Prosorhynchus longisaccatus Durio et Manter, 1968 from Epinephelus cyanopodus (Richardson) and Prosorhynchoides lamprelli Bott et Cribb, 2005 from Caranx papuensis Alleyne et Macleay off New Caledonia are also included.
The paper deals in great detail with the problem of prospective and retrospective overruling of caselaw in the Czech legal system. First, the paper explains the concept of precedent in the Czech legal system. Itanalyzes how precedent was approached in the 1990s and how this changed in the 21st century. Then the textdiscusses various options of temporal effects of the case law in general and in the Czech Republic in particular.The practice of general courts and the Constitutional Court is addressed first. Finally, the case law of theSupreme Administrative Court is dealt with. It provides possibly the most complex mechanism to deal withtemporal effects of overruling in the Czech legal system