In this article the author raises several theoretical questions connected to an insuffi ciently researched topic, Czech society in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (15 March 1939-8/9 May 1945). He considers, on the one hand, possible theoretical starting points, which he sees as residing in the thorough application of sociological approaches to historical research, and, on the other hand, the debates over the terms ''collaboration'' and ''resistance''. The term ''collaboration'' (kolaborace) was imported into the Czech milieu, and is generally used to mean dishonourable work with, or for, the enemy. The author therefore sees the use of this term as being chiefl y in research on public policy, in which the extant sources usually provide enough information to form a reliable picture of the individual actors and their motives. In this respect the author also refers to the views of some Czech historians who have already pointed out that when discussing the behaviour of Czech society in the Protectorate it is extremely diffi cult to set a clear, universally valid boundary between resistance and collaboration. For actual research on Czech society in the Protectorate the author prefers semantically neutral terms, free of moralizing connotations. He sees inspiration in sociology, whose approaches enable the development of a more complex model than the hitherto widely held view of a society that lived in some kind of permanent dilemma between resistance and collaboration. Apart from research on everyday life in the Protectorate - the milieu which the individual actors moved about in - the author recommends exploring also the ''extent of adaptation'' (the way theactors accommodated themselves to the conditions of the new regime) and the ''extent of identifi cation'' (whether the actors identifi ed with the new regime and to what extent they considered it something unchangeable). From a comparison of both factors the author then deduces the actors’ basic attitude to the regime (positive, neutral, potentially hostile, hostile) and their basic modes of behaviour (loyalty, law-breaking, opportunism, resistance). The ''extent of identifi cation'' in particular constitutes the dynamic factor whose value was dependent on a whole range of circumstances. In researching Czech society in the Protectorate one must therefore consider other important topics, for example, the effect of Nazi and Allied propaganda, the responses in Czech society to the news about the course of the war, and, last but not least, fear, an integral part of Protectorate reality. To understand the behaviour of Czech society in the years of the Second World War (and therefore its values and orientation at the time of Liberation), one must in historical research devote suffi cient consideration to the elementary fact that this society found itself in the grip of a totalitarian regime and was consequently not operating on the principle of freedom of choice.
Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) is a disorder characterized by recurrent, stereotypic episodes of nausea, vomiting, and other symptoms, separated by intervals of comparative wellness. These episodes carry on for hours or days. The patient is healthy between the episodes and has no clinical finding. For the treatment of the CVS, antiemetic, antimigraine and sedative medications were used. However, in some cases CVS treatment is very difficult. We report about a young patient, who did not respond to many agents, but was succesfully treated with chlorpomazine. and H. H. Ozdemir, S. Bulut, M. S. Berilgen, O. Kapan, M. Balduz, C. F. Demir
Low-density membrane-domain fractions were prepared from S49 lymphoma cells and clone e2m11 of HEK293 cells expressing a large number of thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor (TRH-R) and G11 by flotation on sucrose density gradients. The intact cell structure was broken by detergent-extraction, alkaline-treatment or drastic homogenization. Three types of low-density membranes were resolved by two-dimensional electrophoresis and analyzed for Gsα (S49) or Gqα/G11 (e2m11) content. Four individual immunoblot signals of Gsα protein were identified in S49 lymphoma cells indicating complete resolution of the long GsαL±ser and short GsαS±ser variants of Gsα. All these were diminished by prolonged agonist (isoprenaline) stimulation. In e2m11-HEK cells, five different immunoblot signals were detected indicating post-translational modification of G proteins of Gqα/G11α family. The two major spots corresponding to exogenously (over)expressed G11α and endogenous Gqα were reduced; the minor spots diminished by hormonal stimulation. Parallel analysis by silver staining of the total protein content indicated that no major changes in protein composition occurred under these conditions. Our data thus indicate that agonist-stimulation of target cells results in down-regulation of all different members of Gs and Gq/G11 families. This agonist-specific effect may be demonstrated in crude membrane as well as domain/raft preparations and it is not accompanied by changes in overall protein composition.
In this paper we study a linear integral equation x(t) = a(t)− ∫ t 0 C(t, s)x(s) ds, its resolvent equation R(t, s) = C(t, s) − ∫ t s C(t, u)R(u, s) du, the variation of parameters formula x(t) = a(t) − ∫ t 0 R(t, s)a(s) ds, and a perturbed equation. The kernel, C(t, s), satisfies classical smoothness and sign conditions assumed in many real-world problems. We study the effects of perturbations of C and also the limit sets of the resolvent. These results lead us to the study of nonlinear perturbations.
For an ordered set W = {w1, w2, . . . , wk} of vertices and a vertex v in a connected graph G, the (metric) representation of v with respect to W is the k-vector r(v|W) = (d(v, w1), d(v, w2), . . . , d(v, wk)), where d(x, y) represents the distance between the vertices x and y. The set W is a resolving set for G if distinct vertices of G have distinct representations with respect to W. A resolving set of minimum cardinality is called a minimum resolving set or a basis and the cardinality of a basis for G is its dimension dim G. A set S of vertices in G is a dominating set for G if every vertex of G that is not in S is adjacent to some vertex of S. The minimum cardinality of a dominating set is the domination number γ(G). A set of vertices of a graph G that is both resolving and dominating is a resolving dominating set. The minimum cardinality of a resolving dominating set is called the resolving domination number γr(G). In this paper, we investigate the relationship among these three parameters.