The Prague Hereditary Hypercholesterolemic (PHHC) rat is a model of hypercholesterolemia. In previous experiments, it was found to be completely resistant to the development of atherosclerosis. It was assumed that the reverse transport of cholesterol (RCT) might be the reason for this resistance. In this study, RCT was measured in vivo by cholesterol efflux from macrophages to plasma, using previously established methods for RCT in mice (Rader 2003), optimized for measurements in rats. Primary cell culture of macrophages was labeled with 14Ccholesterol and then injected intraperitoneally into rats. Plasma and feces were collected at 24 and 48 h. The plasma 14Ccholesterol levels at both 24 and 48 h were significantly higher in male PHHC rats compared to control Wistar rats. The PHHC rats excreted less 14C-cholesterol in feces in 24 and 48 h compared to Wistar rats. The largest pool of 14C-cholesterol was found in the adipose tissue of PHHC rats and in contrast lower levels of 14Ccholesterol were measured in the liver and muscle tissues of PHHC rats compared with Wistar rats. Increasing release of 14Ccholesterol efflux from macrophages demonstrates accelerated RTC and leads to prevention of atherogenesis in PHHC rats., M. Schmiedtova, M. Heczkova, J. Kovar, I. Kralova Lesna, R. Poledne., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Ošetřovatelská péče o pacienty po transplantaci kostní dřeně nebo periferních kmenových buněk je vysoce specializovaná péče, kterou zajišťují specializovaná hematoonkologická centra. Tato péče je poskytována nejen dospělým pacientům, ale i dětem. Zajistit imunokompromitovaným pacientům co nejvhodnější podmínky pro jejich léčbu. Aby byli co nejméně ohroženi infekcemi zvenčí a přitom byli co nejméně sociálně izolováni od rodiny, okolního světa. Míra reverzní – ochranné izolace je předmětem diskuzí odborníků na celém světě., Nursing care of patients who have undergone transplantation of bone marrow or peripheral stem cells is highly specialized care provided by specialized haematological-oncology centres. This care is provided not only to adult patients, but also to children. To provide immunocompromised patients with the most suitable conditions for their treatment. To ensure that these patients are as little threatened by external infections as possible and that the level of their social isolation from their family and the surroundings is as low as possible. The level of reverse – protective isolation is a subject of discussions by specialists all over the world., Alice Cetlová, and Literatura
Úvod: Reverzný, liver-first prístup je alternatívou pre pacientov s komplikovanými synchrónnymi pečeňovými metastázami, kde by progresia v pečeni viedla k inoperabilite, alebo pre pacientov s lokálne pokročilým nálezom v malej panve, kde by komplikácia resekcie primárneho tumoru mohla ohroziť včasnú resekciu pečeňových metastáz. Metódy: Retrospektívna unicentrická analýza 32 pacientov liečených reverzným prístupom v období rokov 2011−2015. Reverzný prístup bol v tomto období indikovaný na základe konsenzu členov multioborovej onkologickej komisie ako preferovaný u všetkých pacientov s iniciálne, alebo potenciálne resekabilným synchrónnym izolovaným metastatickým postihom pečene pri adenokarcinóme kolorekta. Výsledky: 26 pacientov (81,3 %) úspešne absolvovalo kompletnú resekciu nádorovej masy (resekciu pečeňových metastáz a resekciu primárneho tumoru), ale iba 16 pacientov (50 %) absolvovalo kompletný onkochirurgický liečbený plán (hepatektómia, resekcia primárneho tumoru a plánovaná dávka a dĺžka perioperačnej, alebo adjuvantnej onkologickej liečby). Medián prežívania bol 50,5 mesiacov, trojročné prežívanie v súbore bolo 83,7 %. U 20 pacientov (62,5 %) došlo počas sledovania k progresii ochorenia s mediánom do progresie 21,6 mesiaca. Najčastejším miestom progresie bola pečeň, nasledovaná pľúcami (65 resp. 20 % všetkých rekurencií nádorového ochorenia). Záver: Aj keď reverzný, liver-first prístup umožňuje kompletné odstránenie masy tumoru u väčšiny pacientov, iba polovica z nich absolvuje kompletný onkochirurgický liečebný plán. Najproblematickejším aspektom reverzného postupu je načasovanie a dĺžka perioperačnej (bio)chemoterapie. Dôkladné zváženie rizika progresie metastatického procesu počas liečby ako aj rizika kompletnej rádiologickej odpovede by malo viesť k uváženej indikácii perioperačnej (bio)chemoterapie najmä u pacientov s iniciálne resekabilnými pečeňovými metastázami., Introduction: Reverse, liver-first strategy is an alternative for patients with complicated liver metastases where disease progression would prove inoperable, or for patients with locally advanced pelvic disease where postoperative complications after primary tumour resection may lead to delayed treatment of metastatic disease. Methods: Retrospective unicenter analysis of 32 patients approached liver-first approach between 2011 and 2015. During this period reverse strategy was considered a preferred approach for all initially or potentially resectable synchronous colorectal liver metastases based on multidisciplinary team consensus. Results: 26 patients (81.3%) completed their surgical plan (hepatectomy and primary tumour resection) but only 16 (50%) completed their oncosurgical plan (hepatectomy, primary tumour resection and full dose and length of perioperative or adjuvant systemic (bio)chemotherapy). Median overall survival was 50.5 months with the survival rate of 83.7% at 3 years. 20 patients (62.5%) progressed during the follow-up with median time to progression of 21.6 months. The liver was the most common site of recurrent disease followed by the lungs (65% and 20% of all recurrences, respectively). Conclusion: While reverse strategy may allow complete tumour removal in the majority of patients, only half of them complete their oncosurgical plan even with the liver-first approach. The most problematic aspect of the liver-first strategy is the timing and length of perioperative (bio)chemotherapy. When deciding on preoperative chemotherapy in up-front resectable lesions one should take into account the risk of disease progression while on chemotherapy as well as the risks of complete radiologic response., and M. Straka, M. Migrová, R. Soumarová, L. Burda, I. Selingerová
Three species of Ceranisus Walker, 1841 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Entedoninae) were collected recently in Turkey, including C. menes (Walker, 1839) and C. pacuvius (Walker, 1841) in southeastern Anatolia. A new species, C. hirsutus Doğanlar & S. Triapitsyn, is described from Şanliurfa Province. The genus Urfacus Doğanlar, 2003 is synonymized under Ceranisus and its type species, U. bozovaensis Doğanlar, 2003 is transferred to Ceranisus as C. bozovaensis (Doğanlar, 2003) comb. n., and the species is redescribed from the new material. An identification key to both sexes of Ceranisus from Turkey and Europe is provided.
This paper presents a synthesis of morphological information on larvae of the beetle suborder Archostemata. Larvae of the following families and species were studied: Ommatidae: Omma sp.; Micromalthidae: Micromalthus debilis LeConte, 1878; Cupedidae: Priacma serrata LeConte, 1861, Distocupes varians (Lea, 1902), Rhipsideigma raffrayi (Fairmaire, 1884), Tenomerga cinerea (Say, 1831) and Tenomerga mucida (Chevrolat, 1829). Morphological characters of the suborder and three families are described. Monophyly of the suborder is strongly supported by more than 10 larval autapomorphies. A close relationship between Micromalthidae and Cupedidae is confirmed. New larval characters are introduced, including chaetotaxy of first instar larvae of Micromalthus LeConte, 1878, Priacma LeConte, 1874 and Distocupes Neboiss, 1984. An identification key to families and subfamilies of Archostematan larvae is provided, along with a checklist of extant Archostemata taxa. The work is illustrated with 120 morphological drawings.
Microsporidia in mosquitoes can be divided into two categories based on their life cycles and host-parasite relationships. Some species of microsporidia exhibit simple life cycles with one spore type responsible for oral (horizontal) transmission. They affect only one generation of the mosquito and are not usually host or tissue specific. Brachiola algerae (Vavra et Undeen, 1970) and Vavraia culicis (Weiser, 1947) are examples of species isolated from mosquitoes with relatively straightforward life cycles (one spore type) and simple host-parasite relationships. B. algerae and a close relative of V. culicis have also been isolated from a vertebrate (human) host but sources for these infections are unknown. In contrast to B. algerae and V. culicis, polymorphic (heterosporous) microsporidia in mosquitoes are characterized by complex life cycles involving multiple spore types responsible for horizontal and vertical transmission. They affect two generations of the mosquito and some involve an obligate intermediate host. These microsporidia are generally very host and tissue specific with complex developmental sequences comprised of unique stages and events. The microsporidium Edhazardia aedis (Kudo, 1930) is a pathogen of Aedes aegypti and does not require an intermediate host. The developmental cycle of E. aedis is characterized by four sporulation sequences, two in the parental host and two in the filial generation. Recent speculation relative to the source of B. algerae human infection have implicated infected mosquitoes and raised concerns about the safety of mosquito microsporidia in general. The subject of this review is to compare and contrast three species of microsporidia from mosquitoes, two with broad host ranges (B. algerae and V. culicis) and one specific to mosquitoes (E. aedis). This review describes features that distinguish mosquito-parasitic microsporidia with simple life cycles and broad host ranges from truly mosquito-specific microsporidian parasites with complex life cycles.
everal myxosporean parasites are of importance in fisheries and aquaculture in British Columbia. The PKX organism and Ceratomyxa shasta Noble, 1950 cause disease and mortality, Kudoa thyrsiles (Gilchrist, 1924) and Henneguya salminicola Ward, 1919 are of importance because they infect somatic muscle, cause unsightly cysts and soft flesh, and thus reduce the market value of the fish. Myxobolus arcticus Pugachev et Khokhlov, 1979, an apparently non-pathogenic species, along with H. salminicola, is used as a biological tag in fishery management. Myxobolus arcticus has also been used in our laboratory as a model for the study of myxosporean life cycles. Other myxosporeans that have been found in salmonids in British Columbia include Myxobolus squamalis (Iverson, 1954), Myxobolus insidiosus Wyatt et Pratt, 1963, Myxidium truitae Léger, 1930, Myxidium salvelini Shuhnan et Konovalov, 1966, Chloromyxum sp., ľarvicapsula sp., and Sphaerospora sp.
Factors which have a negative impact on mammal populations were reviewed for all 83 native species occurring in Germany today. Forest management affects most species of the mammal fauna as well as of the sub-groups of Red List species and of species for which a special responsibility for their conservation has been determined in Germany. This is because a high proportion of German mammals are forest-dwelling, which means they are exposed to current harmful forestry practices such as selective harvest of ancient trees. The review also highlights population reduction by direct take of individuals (legal, illegal or accidental) and habitat fragmentation as major conservation problems affecting many species. The analysis of negative impact factors underline the importance of ongoing „traditional“ conservation measures. However, the result of climate change and invasive alien species being less important for conservation, as only few species are affected so far in Germany, is doubtful. The impacts of these two factors may be underestimated owing to a general lack of data. To ensure that conservation problems can be identified and appropriate measures are taken, the implementation of a mammal monitoring programme and specific research projects are needed. International cooperation might be helpful to overcome national shortcomings in mammal conservation in Germany and other European countries.
A total of 18 Palaearctic and Oriental species of Endomia are treated. Two of them are described as new: Endomia rameshi sp. n. (South India) and Endomia gracilis sp. n. (South Vietnam). A new synonymy Endomia arabica Pic, 1913 (= Endomia longicornis Pic & Hawkins, 1955, syn. n.) is proposed. Lectotypes are designated for the following seven species: E. indica (Laferté, 1848); E. euphratica Krekich-Strassoldo, 1926; E. nana Krekich-Strassoldo, 1926; E. gratiosa Krekich-Strassoldo, 1926; E. lumulata Krekich-Strassoldo, 1926; E. baeri (Pic, 1902); E. malayana (Pic, 1895).