Spatial variations in regional forest composition are analyzed for the period around 2 000 years before present in the territory of the Czech Republic. The results of pollen analyses at 16 different sites (original data and those published by other authors) form the basis of this study. The results are preliminary because of the small number of sites sampled. This article demonstrates the possibilities of the approach and is the first step to a wider application in the future. The conclusions indicate that pollen analysis is accurate enough in most cases for the reconstruction of past forest composition on a regional scale, and different deposits reflect spatial heterogeneity. Altitude, intensity of human impact, and soil type were the major factors affecting past distribution of forest trees. Oak and hornbeam woodlands, although widely affected by human activity, dominated the lowlands. Beech and silver fir were an important admixture in these communities. Although oak was present at higher altitudes, the occurrence of upland oak woodlands was limited more than indicated by recent geobotanical reconstructions. Instead, mixed forests existed at middle altitudes, often dominated by silver fir and beech. In less favourable habitats, spruce was common. Such upland forests extended high into the mountains, where because of the more severe climatic conditions beech and spruce started to dominate over silver fir.
Hradiště Vladař v západních Čechách dlouho unikalo soustředěné pozornosti archeologů. V posledních letech zde probíhá výzkum, jehož podstatným aspektem se stala účast přírodovědců různého zaměření. Důvodem jsou ideální podmínky pro podobnou mezioborovou spolupráci – kromě tradičních archeologických situací můžeme k paleoenvironmentálním analýzám využít výplň umělé vodní nádrže, která se nachází uprostřed hradištní akropole. Nádrž poskytla souvislý sedimentární záznam s množstvím dobře zachovaných biologických pozůstatků, přičemž nejstarší vrstvy vznikly na přelomu 5. a 4. stol. BC. V té době byl zkoumaný prostor téměř zcela odlesněn a intenzivně zemědělsky využíván. Na samém sklonku 3. stol. BC došlo k částečnému opuštění hradiště; doklady předchozího masivního osídlení mizí. Na přelomu letopočtu bylo hradiště opuštěno zcela a proběhla vegetační sukcese k zapojenému lesu. V 6. stol. n. l. nastoupila nová vlna kolonizace, která vyvrcholila později vznikem vrcholně středověké kulturní krajiny. Popsaný proces se podařilo podrobně zdokumentovat přírodovědnými metodami i s některými detailními vhledy do struktury a fungování pravěké krajiny. Datování se opírá výhradně o radiokarbonovou chronologii, doplněnou v některých obdobích o nálezy keramiky. and The large fortified hilltop site of Vladař (W Bohemia, Czech Republic, 50° 05’ N, 13° 13’ E) is being studied intensively during recent years by means of environmental archaeology. Palaeoecological methods play a crucial role in this effort; these include analyses of pollen, green algae, Cladocera and other microfossils, plant macroremains (including charcoal and wood) and chemical analyses. This investigation is enabled due to the existence of an artificial water reservoir situated in the middle of the large acropolis. A continuous sedimentary record in the form of well-preserved biological remains starts ca. 400 BC. Absolute dating is based on radiocarbon chronology and is complemented by archaeological finds in some instances. During the oldest documented period, the hillfort has been settled by a considerable number of permanent inhabitants. The site and the surrounding landscape has been almost completely deforested and used for diverse agricultural practices. The site has been partly abandoned by the end of the 3rd century BC. Total abandonment is dated around 0 BC/AD. Natural succesion started at that time, leading to the development of natural forest communities. During the 6th century AD, a new wave of colonization reached the region, culminating at the onset of the High Medieval period.