Relations between (proper) Pareto optimality of solutions of multicriteria optimization problems and solutions of the minimization problems obtained by replacing the multiple criteria with Lp-norm related functions (depending on the criteria, goals, and scaling factors) are investigated.
In this paper we study the uniqueness for meromorphic functions sharing one value, and obtain some results which improve and generalize the related results due to M. L. Fang, X. Y. Zhang, W. C. Lin, T. D. Zhang, W. R. Lü and others.
We study sub-Bergman Hilbert spaces in the weighted Bergman space $A^2_\alpha $. We generalize the results already obtained by Kehe Zhu for the standard Bergman space $A^2$.
Aphidophagous ladybirds exhibit a broad range of body sizes. Until now this has been thought to be a function of the different prey densities that they feed at, with smaller ladybirds feeding at lower prey densities. The size of the prey species they feed on has been considered to have no relationship with ladybird body size. However, these arguments possess a limited capacity to explain observed data from the field. I here demonstrate a more realistic, complex approach incorporating both prey density and the size of prey species. Small ladybirds can feed on small aphids at both low and high densities. However when the aphid species is large they cannot catch the older, bigger, more energy-rich aphid instars due to their small size. They are thus unable to feed on large aphid prey at low densities, although at higher densities numbers of the smaller instars may be sufficient to sustain them. By contrast large ladybirds can feed on large aphids at both low and high densities due to their superior ability to catch the bigger, more energy-rich older aphids; however they cannot be sustained by low densities of small aphids due to food limitation consequent on their large size. This more complex association between ladybird size, prey size and prey density possesses a better explanatory power for earlier field data. Because of this relationship, ladybird body size also provides an important trade-off determining dietary breadth and specialization in the aphidophagous Coccinellidae. Dietary specialists more closely match the size of their limited prey species, have higher overall capture efficiencies and can thus continue to reproduce at lower aphid densities for longer. By contrast dietary generalists adopt a one-size-fits-all strategy, are medium-sized and have lower capture efficiencies of individual prey species, thus requiring higher aphid densities. The role of body-size in dietary specialization is supported by data from the British fauna. Rather than trade-offs related to prey chemistry, which have hitherto been the centre of attention, body size trade-offs are the likely most important universal factor underlying dietary specialization in aphidophagous coccinellids.
In this paper we give a new definition of the classical contact elements of a smooth manifold M as ideals of its ring of smooth functions: they are the kernels of Weil’s near points. Ehresmann’s jets of cross-sections of a fibre bundle are obtained as a particular case. The tangent space at a point of a manifold of contact elements of M is shown to be a quotient of a space of derivations from the same ringC∞(M) into certain finite-dimensional local algebras. The prolongation of an ideal of functions from a Weil
bundle to another one is the same ideal, when its functions take values into certain Weil algebras; following the same idea vector fields are prolonged, without any considerations about local one-parameter groups. As a consequence, we give an algebraic definition of Kuranishi’s fundamental identification on Weil bundles, and study their affine structures, as a generalization of the classical results on spaces of jets of cross-sections.
A new genus, Weketrema, is erected in the family Lecithasteridae for the species hitherto known as Lecithophyllum hawaiiense. Weketrema hawaiiense (Yamaguti, 1970) comb. n. is redescribed from Scolopsis bilineatus (Bloch) (Perciformes: Nemipteridae) from Lizard Island and Heron Island, Queensland, Plectorhinchus gibbosus (Lacepède) (Perciformes: Haemulidae) from Heron Island and Cheilodactylus nigripes Richardson (Perciformes: Cheilodactylidae) and Latridopsis forsteri (Castelnau) (Perciformes: Latridae) from Stanley, northern Tasmania. The new genus is distinguished from related members of the family Lecithasteridae by its complete lack of a sinus-sac. Although placed in the subfamily Lecithasterinae pro tem, its true subfamily position is not entirely clear. Comment is made on its unusual distribution, both in terms of zoogeography and hosts.