Poruchy štítnej žľazy v starobe sú časté, aj keď často ostanú nepoznané. Hypotyreóza je častá a jej výskyt s s vekom zvyšuje. Hypotyreózou je v staršom veku postihnutých asi 5? 20 % žien a 3? 8 % mužov. U seniorov nemusia byť klasické príznaky hypotyreózy vyjadrené a pri ich diagnostike je potrebná veľká miera klinických skúseností. U hypotyreóznych seniorov nemusí byť prítomný nárast hmotnosti, intolerancia chladu či svalové kŕče. Hypotyreóza je prehliadaná najmä u pacientov s vysokým výskytom chronických ochorení, s polypragmáziou a zmenami kognitívnych funkcií. U starších pacientov s hypotyreózou môžu dominovať psychiatrické symptómy ? depresia, delírium a demencia. Prognózu pacienta ovplyvňujú najmä zmeny kardiovaskulárneho systému, ktoré zahŕňajú bradykardiu, hypertenziu, dyslipidémie, koronárnu chorobu srdca a perikardové výpotky. Diagnostický problém môže predstavovať tzv. syndróm eutyreoidovéch chorého, ktorý častý u kriticky chorých seniorov a subklinická hypotyreóza. Liečba manifestnej hypotyreózy v starobe musí byť opatrná a dôkladne monitorovaná. Pri subklinickej hypotyreóze je jej liečba stále kontroverzná a rozhodnutie o liečbe musí byť striktne individuálne., Thyroid dysfunction occurs frequently in the elderly population, yet often goes unnoticed. Hypothyroidism is common and increases with age affecting 5? 20% of women and 3? 8% of men. The classical symptoms and signs of hypothyroidism may not be so obvious in the elderly, and a high degree of clinical suspicion is necessary. Elderly hypothyroid patients may have less weight gain, cold intolerance and muscle cramps, and the hypothyroidism can be easily overlooked in these patients who also have a higher prevalence of other chronic illnesses, use of medications and cognitive change than their younger counterparts. In the aged, psychiatric symptoms may dominate, with most texts on psychogeriatrics listing hypothyroidism as a cause for depression, delirium and dementia. The effects on the cardiovascular system can be a major problem and include bradycardia, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, ischaemic heart disease, and pericardial effusions. Another diagnostics problems could represents euthyroid sick syndrome, common in critically ill seniors, and subclinical hypothyroidism. Treatment of the hypothyroidism in the elderly patients should be careful and closely monitored. Whether or not to treat patients with subclinical hypothyroidism is still debated and treatment decisions should be made on an individual basis., V. Vargová, M. Pytliak, V. Mechírová, and Lit.: 27
Soil water content and actual water repellency were assessed for soil profiles at two sites in a bare and grass-covered plot of a sand pasture, to investigate the impact of the grass removal on both properties. The soil of the plots was sampled six times in vertical transects to a depth of 33 cm between 23 May and 7 October 2002. On each sampling date the soil water contents were measured and the persistence of actual water repellency was determined of field-moist sam-ples. Considerably higher soil water contents were found in the bare versus the grass-covered plots. These alterations are caused by differences between evaporation and transpiration rates across the plots. Noteworthy are the often excessive differences in soil water content at depths of 10 to 30 cm between the bare and grass-covered plots. These differences are a consequence of water uptake by the roots in the grass-covered plots. The water storage in the upper 19 cm of the bare soil was at least two times greater than in the grass-covered soil during dry periods. A major part of the soil profile in the grass-covered plots exhibited extreme water repellency to a depth of 19 cm on all sampling dates, while the soil profile of the bare plots was completely wettable on eight of the twelve sampling dates. Significant differences in persistence of actual water repellency were found between the grass-covered and bare plots.
In Mediterranean ecosystems, special attention needs to be paid to forest–water relationships due to water
scarcity. In this context, Adaptive Forest Management (AFM) has the objective to establish how forest resources have to
be managed with regards to the efficient use of water, which needs maintaining healthy soil properties even after
disturbance. The main objective of this investigation was to understand the effect of one of the AFM methods, namely
forest thinning, on soil hydraulic properties. At this aim, soil hydraulic characterization was performed on two
contiguous Mediterranean oak forest plots, one of them thinned to reduce the forest density from 861 to 414 tree per ha.
Three years after the intervention, thinning had not affected soil water permeability of the studied plots. Both ponding
and tension infiltration runs yielded not significantly different saturated, Ks, and unsaturated, K–20, hydraulic conductivity
values at the thinned and control plots. Therefore, thinning had no an adverse effect on vertical water fluxes at the soil
surface. Mean Ks values estimated with the ponded ring infiltrometer were two orders of magnitude higher than K–20
values estimated with the minidisk infiltrometer, revealing probably soil structure with macropores and fractures . The
input of hydrophobic organic matter, as a consequence of the addition of plant residues after the thinning treatment,
resulted in slight differences in terms of both water drop penetration time, WDPT, and the index of water repellency, R,
between thinned and control plots. Soil water repellency only affected unsaturated soil hydraulic conductivity
measurements. Moreover, K–20 values showed a negative correlation with both WDPT and R, whereas Ks values did not,
revealing that the soil hydrophobic behavior has no impact on saturated hydraulic conductivity.
Chronická myelocytová leukémia (CML) je klonovou poruchou hemopoetickej kmeňovej bunky s jej diferenciáciou prevažne do myeloidného radu. Inhibítory tyrozínových kináz (TKI) (imatinib, dasatinib, nilotinib) sú v súčasnosti štandardom liečby CML. Okrem inhibície BCR/ABL onkoproteínu zasahujú i tzv. off-target kinázy (napr. c-KIT, SRC, TEC). Mnohé z nich zohrávajú dôležitú úlohu v imunitnej odpovedi. In vitro štúdie poukazujú na imunosupresívny účinok TKI, veľmi obmedzené sú však údaje z in vivo analýz. Súhrnom je možné konštatovať, že pri liečbe dasatinibom dochádza u časti pacientov k výraznej aktivácii imunitnej odpovede, ktorá vyžaduje intenzívne sledovanie pacientov., Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal myeloproliferative disorder of hematopoietic stem cell with myeloid differentiation predominantly. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) (imatinib, dasatinib, nilotinib) are the current standard treatment in CML. In addition to the BCR-ABL oncoprotein, they also inhibit off-target kinases (e. g. c-KIT, SRC, TEC). Some of these kinases have physiological functions in immune responses. In vitro studies have implied immunosuppressive effects of TKI, but comprehensive data form in vivo analyses has been missing. In summary, in a distinct subgroup of dasatinib-treated patients, immune reactivity is significantly enhanced warranting careful follow-up., Peter Rohoň, Kimmo Porkka, Satu Mustjoki, and Lit.: 23
In this study, the quality of the aquatic habitats of mountain and piedmont streams was evaluated using the ‘Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (IFIM)’ decision-making tool. The quality of habitats was interpreted from the behaviour of bioindicators in the form of habitat suitability curves (HSCs). From 1995 until the present, 59 different reaches of 43 mountain streams in Slovakia and 3 validation reaches were evaluated, and the results analysed. The aim of this study was to generalize the parameters of the HSCs for the brown trout. The generalized curves will be useful for water management planning. It is difficult and time-consuming to take hydrometrical and ichthyological measurements at different water levels. Therefore, we developed a methodology for modifying suitability curves based on an ichthyological survey during a low flow and a flow at which fish lose the ability to resist the flow velocity. The study provides the information how such curves can be modified for a wider flow range. In summary, this study shows that generalized HSCs provide representative data that can be used to support both the design of river restoration and the assessment of the impacts of the water use or of climate change on stream habitat quality.
The aim of this paper is to define the correlation between the geometry of grains and saturated hydraulic conductivity of soils. The particle shape characteristics were described by the ζ0C index (Parylak, 2000), which expresses the variability of several shape properties, such as sphericity, angularity and roughness.
The analysis was performed on samples of four soils, which were characterised by the same grain size distribution and extremely different particle structure. The shape characteristics varied from ideally spherical, smooth grains (glass microbeads
GM) to highly irregular and rough particles (fly ash FA).
For each soil, laboratory tests of saturated hydraulic conductivity (constant head test CHT and falling head test FHT) were performed. Additionally, an empirical analysis of effective pore diameter was conducted with use of the analytical models developed by Pavchich (Wolski, 1987) and Indraratna and Vafai (1997). The models were modified by introducing the ζ0C index.
Experiments have shown that saturated hydraulic conductivity depends on grains shape and surface roughness. This parameter decreases with the increase in the irregularity of soil particles. Moreover, it was proven that the ζ0C reflects the relationship between effective pore diameter and grain shape characteristics.
Hormonálna antikoncepcia je dnes ponúkaná ako niečo prospešné pre zdravie ženy, avšak nové vedecké poznatky poukazujú aj na výskyt jej nežiaducich účinkov a rizík. Cieľom štúdie bolo zistiť úroveň informovanosti žien o nežiaducich účinkoch a rizikách antikoncepcie zo strany lekárov/ pôrodných asistentiek. Ako výskumný nástroj bol vytvorený neštandardizovaný dotazník. Celkovo bolo v gynekologických ambulanciách distribuovaných 130 dotazníkov, vrátilo sa 108 (responzibilita: 83,07 %), pričom 8 dotazníkov bolo vyradených pre nesplnenie kritérií. Výskumu sa zúčastnilo 100 respondentiek s vekovým priemerom 28,7 (±5,28) rokov, ktoré užívali hormonálnu antikoncepciu, a podpísali informovaný súhlas so zapojením do výskumnej štúdie. Najčastejšími dôvodmi užívania hormonálnej antikoncepcie u respondentiek nášho súboru boli: zamedzenie plodnosti (66%) a zdravotné dôvody (34%). Zistili sme, že 54 % respondentiek bolo informovaných zo strany lekárov/ pôrodných asistentiek o nežiaducich účinkoch hormonálnej antikoncepcie avšak 51,85 % z nich bolo informovaných nedostatočne. O rizikách zvyšujúcich nežiaduce účinky HAK bolo informovaných 64 % respondentiek. Najčastejšie nežiaduce účinky HAK u respondentiek sa zaznamenali bolesť hlavy, emočná labilita, zníženie libida. Úroveň informovanosti žien o nežiaducich účinkoch antikoncepcie zo strany lekárov/ pôrodných asistentiek môžeme hodnotiť ako neuspokojivú, preto by bolo potrebné zlepšiť a skvalitniť edukáciu žien o hormonálnej antikoncepcii ., Hormonal contraception is nowadays offered as something beneficial for the woman´s health, but the new scientific knowledge is showing us its undesirable effects as well. The objective of the study was to find out the awareness level of women about the undesirable effects and risks of hormonal contraception from the side of doctors/ midwives. As a research tool, we have created a non- standardized questionnaire. Overall we have distributed 130 questionnaires in the gynaecological centres, 108 questionnaires have been returned (recoverability: 83.07 %). 8 questionnaires have been excluded from the research due to the incomplete information. 100 respondents, with the average age of 28.7 (±5.28) years, that have used hormonal contraception have participated in this research and signed the written agreement about their participation in this research study. The most frequent reasons for using the hormonal contraception by our respondents were the following ones: fertility prevention (66 %) and healthy reasons (34 %). We have found out that 54 % of respondents were informed from the side of doctors/midwives about the undesirable effect of hormonal contraception, however 51.85 % from them have been informed insufficiently. 64 % of respondents have been informed about the risks of increased effects of hormonal contraception. The most frequent effects of hormonal contraception by our respondents were headache, emotional instability, and decrease of libido. The awareness level of women about the undesirable effects of hormonal contraception from the side of doctors/midwives has been evaluated as unsatisfactory. So it would be necessary to improve the education of women in the area of hormonal contraception., Mazúchová L., Kelčíková S., Markusová K., and Literatura