Neoadjuvant concomitant chemoradiotherapy has become a standard treatment of locally advanced rectal adenocarcinomas (LARA). It leads to shrinkage of the tumor mass and subsequently to an increase in complete resections (R0 resections), increasing a feasibility of sphincter-sparing intervention avoiding colostomy. It is based on concurrent application of fluoropyrimidines (5-fluorouracil, capecitabine) and radiotherapy (45 - 50,4 Gy). It shows less acute toxicity and improves local control rate in comparison to adjuvant treatment. Unfortunately, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy is not beneficial for all patients. The treatment response ranges from a complete pathological remission (pCR, ypT0ypN0) to a resistance. It is reported that cca 15 percent of patients with advanced rectal cancer show pCR which is indicative of improved long-term prognosis. DESIGN: The following is a review of the significance of neoadjuvant concomitant chemoradiotherapy in the treatment algorithm of patients with LARA and summary of potentional clinical-pathological and molecular markers of response prediction to neoadjuvant therapy. The most important clinical studies concern serum tumor markers levels, clinical lymph node classification. The components of the carcinogenic pathways are explored, including oncogenes, tumor supressor genes, microsatellite instability (MSI) and potentional markers involved in apoptosis, angiogionesis, proliferation as well as metastasis and invasion, are reviewed. Finally, the role of specific enzymes associated with the metabolism of fluoropyrimidines are examined. CONCLUSIONS: No one marker has been consistently identified as clinically applicable. Studies designed to determine the potentional markers are hampered by various techniques as well as tumor heterogenity and recent scientific approach--studying individual molecular markers. Gene expression profiling analysis of multiple genes from the same tumor is becoming reality. We suppose that this assessment will lead in future in finding combination of markers for predicting prognosis and response to therapy in rectal cancer., Garajová Ingrid, Svoboda M., Slabý O., Kocáková L., Fabian P., Kocák I., Vyzula R., and Lit.: 71
Úvod: Údaje o srdcovej frekvencii pri chronickom srdcovom zlyhávaní v reálnej praxi na Slovensku nie sú dostatočne známe. Cieľom prieskumu „3P (Pacient – Pulz – Prognóza) pri srdcovom zlyhávaní“ bolo získať epidemiologické dáta najmä so zameraním na kontrolu srdcovej frekvencie pri sínusovom rytme. Metodika: Prieskum realizovalo spolu 162 kardiológov a internistov. Lekári konsekutívne zaraďovali ambulantných alebo klinicky stabilizovaných hospitalizovaných pacientov s diagnózou chronického srdcového zlyhávania. Neexistovali žiadne exklúzne kritériá pre zaradenie pacientov. Spolu bolo prospektívne zaradených 4 738 pacientov. Výsledky: Betablokátory užívalo 93,6 % pacientov so srdcovým zlyhávaním. Aspoň 50 % cieľovej dávky podľa ESC malo 48,1 % pacientov liečených betablokátorom. Hodnoty srdcovej frekvencie ≥ 70/min malo 55,3 % všetkých pacientov a 48,1 % pacientov so sínusovým rytmom. Z celkového neselektovaného súboru sme identifikovali 28,0 % pacientov, ktorí boli symptomatickí (NYHA II–IV), mali sínusový rytmus a suboptimálnu srdcovú frekvenciu ≥ 70/min. Srdcová frekvencia ≥ 70/min bola významne častejšia u pacientov, ktorí mali dávku betablokátora < 50 % cieľovej dávky podľa ESC v porovnaní s pacientami s dávkou ≥ 50 % (58,0 % vs 52,4 %; p < 0,001). Podiel srdcovej frekvencie ≥ 70/min bol signifikantne vyšší u pacientov s anamnézou hospitalizácie pre srdcové zlyhávanie oproti dosiaľ nehospitalizovaným pacientom (56,8 % vs 53,7 %; p < 0,05). Up-titráciu dávky plánovali lekári len u 20,2 % pacientov liečených betablokátorom. Záver: Napriek extenzívnej liečbe betablokátormi sme zistili suboptimálnu kontrolu srdcovej frekvencie pri chronickom srdcovom zlyhávaní. Významne rizikovejšou skupinou z hľadiska neuspokojivej srdcovej frekvencie boli pacienti s nižšou dávkou betablokátora (< 50 % cieľovej dávky podľa ESC) a pacienti s anamnézou hospitalizácie pre srdcové zlyhávanie. Podiel pacientov, u ktorých sa plánovala up-titrácia dávky betablokátora, bol nízky. Existuje preto potreba redukovať srdcovú frekvenciu alternatívnou, resp. komplementárnou farmakoterapiou. Kľúčové slová: betablokátory – ivabradín – srdcová frekvencia – srdcové zlyhávanie, Background: The data on heart rate in chronic heart failure in the real-world practice in Slovakia are not sufficiently known. The objective of the “3P (Patient-Pulse-Prognosis) in heart failure” survey was to collect epidemiological data with particular emphasis on heart rate control in sinus rhythm. Methods: The survey was performed by 162 cardiologists and internists. Outpatients or clinically stable hospitalized patients diagnosed with chronic heart failure were included in the survey. No exclusion criteria for patients enrollment were used. A total of 4738 patients were prospectively included. Results: 93.6% of patients with heart failure were taking beta-blockers. At least 50% of the target dose according to ESC had 48.1% of patients receiving beta-blockers. Heart rate ≥ 70 bpm was present in 55.3% of all patients and in 48.1% of patients with sinus rhythm. Out of the total unselected study population we identified 28.0% of patients with symptomatic heart failure (NYHA class II-IV), sinus rhythm, and suboptimal heart rate ≥ 70 bpm. The prevalence of heart rate ≥ 70 bpm was significantly higher in patients with beta-blocker dose < 50% of the target dose according to ESC compared with patients receiving ≥ 50% of the target dose (58.0% vs 52.4%, p < 0.001). Heart rate ≥ 70 bpm was significantly more common in patients with history of hospitalization for heart failure compared with patients who have not been hospitalized (56.8% vs 53.7%, p < 0.05). The physicians planned up-titration of the dose only in 20.2% of patients treated with beta-blockers. Conclusions: Despite extensive beta-blockers therapy we found suboptimal heart rate control in chronic heart failure. Patients on lower doses of beta-blockers (< 50 % of the target dose according to ESC) and patients with history of hospitalization for heart failure were noted to be in significantly higher risk of unsatisfactory heart rate. The proportion of patients with intended up-titration of the beta-blocker dose was low. Therefore it is necessary to reduce heart rate by alternative or complementary pharmacotherapy. Key words: beta-blockers – heart failure – heart rate – ivabradine, and Juraj Dúbrava