Figurální (neboli neverbální) fluence je schopnost exekutivních funkcí, která nám poskytuje informace o divergentním myšlení, rozdělené pozornosti, plánování a mentální flexibilitě. Zhoršený výkon v testech zaměřených na figurální fluenci nacházíme u pacientů s neurologickým i psychiatrickým postižením. Pětitečkový test (Five Point Test, 5TT) je jeden z neuropsychologických testů, jenž slouží ke zhodnocení figurální fluence. Úkolem probanda je vytvořit co nejvíce obrazců v časovém limitu. Cílem této studie bylo vytvořit normy k 5TT pro českou dospělou populaci. Předkládáme normativní data pro dospělé ve věku od 20 do 85 let (n = 503). Hodnotili jsme počet správných odpovědí a počet perseverací. Počet správných odpovědí je ovlivněn věkem a vzděláním (r = –0,3; resp. 0,4; p < 0,0001), proto jsou normy rozděleny na pásma po 10 letech a dále podle ukončeného vzdělání. Počet perseverací s těmito proměnnými souvisí jen slabě (rs = 0,1; resp. –0,1; p < 0,05). Pohlaví nemá vliv na počet správných odpovědí ani perseverací (t = 0,09; p > 0,9 pro oba skóry)., Figural (or nonverbal) fluency is the ability of executive functions to provide information about divergent reasoning, divided attention, planning and mental flexibility. Impairments of figural fluency have been found in individuals with various neurological or psychiatric diseases. Five Point Test (5TT) is a neuropsychological test that assesses figural fluency. A participant is asked to generate as many unique designs as possible in a certain time limit. The aim of this study was to create Czech population norms for the Five Point Test. Normative data for adult population aged between 20 and 85 years (n = 503) are presented. We assessed the number of correct answers and the number of perseverations. The number of correct answers is influenced by age and education (r = –0.3 and 0.4, respectively, p < 0.0001); for this reason the norms are stratified into ten age ranges and also according to completed education. The number of perseverations correlates with these variables only weakly (rs = 0.1 and –0.1, respectively, p < 0.05). Gender has no impact neither on the number of correct answers nor on perseverative responses (t-test, p > 0.9 for both scores). Key words: Five Point Test – design fluency – normative data – executive functions – validity The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study. The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE “uniform requirements” for biomedical papers., and S. Johanidesová, E. Bolceková, H. Štěpánková, M. Preiss
INTRODUCTION: The male:female ratio at birth (male births divided by total live births - M/T) has been shown to increase in response to ionizing radiation due to gender-biased fetal loss, with excess female loss. M/T rose sharply in 1987 in central-eastern European countries following the Chernobyl accident in 1986. This study analyses M/T and births for the former Soviet Republics and for the countries most contaminated by the event. METHODS: Annual birth data was obtained from the World Health Organisation. The countries with the highest exposure levels (by 137Cs) were identified from an official publication of the International Atomic Energy Agency. All of the former Soviet states were also analysed and the periods before and after 1986 were compared. RESULTS: Except for the Baltic States, all regions in the former USSR showed a significant rise in M/T from 1986. There were significant rises in M/T in the three most exposed (Belarus, Ukraine and the Russian Federation). The birth deficit in the post-Soviet states for the ten years following Chernobyl was estimated at 2,072,666, of which 1,087,924 are accounted by Belarus and Ukraine alone. DISCUSSION: Chernobyl has resulted in the loss of millions of births, a process that has involved female even more than male fetuses. This is another and oft neglected consequence of widespread population radiation contamination. and V. Grech
The condition of the protective barrier of the stomach in patients with duodenal ulcer associated and non-associated with H. pylori infection has been studied. The state of gastric mucosal barrier was studied in 72 patients with peptic ulcer disease association with H. pylori and 26 patients without H. pylori by determining the content of insoluble glycoproteins and its fractions in the basal portion of the gastric juice. In a comparative perspective the state of these indicators were studied depending on the association with H. pylori and the severity of the disease. In patients with H. pylori, damages of protective mucus barrier are characterized by the significant shortage of fucose, which is considered to be the main component of the insoluble glycoproteins. In patients without H. pylori, status of mucosal barrier is characterized by uniform and less significant reduction in the content of fractions of insoluble glycoproteins. In this patients the reduction of insoluble glycoproteins is not dependent on the frequency of exacerbation. The content of fucose in the mucous gel of gastric juice is a diagnostic criterion for determining the frequency of recurrence of the disease in patients with H. pylori infection., Abdujalol Vahabovich Yakubov, Nargiza Ihsanovna Pulatova, and Literatura
The Purpose of this study is to demonstrate the effectiveness of combined treatment for III AB stage of nonsmallcell lung cancer. Nonsmallcell lung cancer spread form treatment is disputable. Operation is not final solution. The combined treatment is being tested (in clinical trials) in this study. This article argues that a combination of treatment is a better option than that of a specific treatment. However, there is a need to find new effective options for combined treatment., Akhat Bukenov, Elena Gizbrekht, Ergaly Shauenov, Bekzhan Orazbayev, Kalmurat Razzakov, and Literatura
Objective: to analyze main clinical-statistical indices of spine and spinal cord injuries (SCI) and system of organization of medical aid to the victims. We conducted a cohort retrospective study of materials of medical institutions of Tashkent city. Medical records of patients and records of forensic examinations were analyzed. 242 cases of spinal cord injuries were studied. Over the last 10 years in Tashkent the frequency of SCI have been tend to increase, males and working-age people are dominated. In 60.9% of cases the injury was associated, in 36.2% - isolated, and in 2.9% - combined. Fallings from height and road traffic accidents were the main reasons for getting SCI. Lesions at cervical level registered in 45% of cases, thoracic level - 27.3%, at lumbar level - 27.7%, respectively. According to ASIA/IMSOP, full injuries were noted in 40.1% of cases, incomplete injures were in 59.9%. Overall mortality from SCI was 68.6%. study allowed to get in detail the clinical and statistical indicators of SCI in the region., Rukhulla Zabikhullaevich Khikmatullaev, Alisher Iskandarovich Iskandarov, Dildora Zabikhullaevna Khakimova, and Literatura
Cíl studie: Cílem studie bylo zjištění vztahů mezi manifestací tinnitu, nálezem na sluchových evokovaných potenciálech a genetickým pozadím u receptoru pro gamaaminomáselnou kyselinu typu A (GABA(A) receptor), podporující desinhibiční hypotézu vzniku tinnitu. Soubor a metodika: Bylo vyšetřeno 131 pacientů z hlediska sluchové ztráty, provedena kvantifikace tinnitu, sluchové evokované potenciály střední latence (MLR) a kmenové sluchové evokované potenciály (BAEP) a dále stanovení genotypu (CA)n repetitivní sekvence pro beta‑3 podjednotku GABA(A) receptoru. Následně byly hledány vztahy mezi jednotlivými výsledky a manifestací tinnitu. Výsledky: Byla nalezena korelace tinnitus skóre s amplitudovým poměrem vln V/III v BAEP (R = 0,22, p < 0,001) a s průměrným sluchovým prahem (R = 0,22, p = 0,17). Rovněž byla nalezena korelace tinnitus skóre s amplitudou vlny PA v MLR (R = 0,31–0,37; p < 0,001). Výsledky MLR neukázaly žádný vztah k průměrnému sluchovému prahu. U skupiny s kratší anamnézou tinnitu (méně než devět měsíců) byl prokázán rozdíl v manifestaci tinnitu na genotypu pro (CA)n repetitivní sekvenci genu pro beta‑3 podjednotku GABA(A) receptoru (p = 0,002). Tento výsledek byl rovněž konzistentní s rozložením amplitudy vlny PA v dané subpopulaci. Závěr: Tyto výsledky svědčí o existenci dvou hlavních regulačních mechanizmů vzniku tinnitu: první, který je závislý na velikosti sluchové ztráty, je na úrovni mozkového kmene, zatímco druhý je na úrovni korové s možnou souvislostí s genotypem (CA)n repetitivní sekvence pro beta‑3 podjednotku GABA(A) receptoru., Study aim:Study objective was to explore associations between manifestation of tinnitus, auditory evoked potentials and genetic background of gamma‑aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A) receptors) to support the disinhibited feedback hypothesis of tinnitus generation. Materials and methods: A population of 131 patients was assessed for severity of hearing loss, quantification of tinnitus, mid‑latency responses (MLR) and brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP), and (CA)n tandem repeat polymorphism in GABA(A) Beta‑3 subunit gene to establish any correlation with manifestation of tinnitus. Results: It was observed that tinnitus score correlates with V/III amplitude ratio in BAEP (R = 0.22, p < 0.001) and with mean pure tone audiometry (PTA) threshold (R = 0.22, p = 0.017). Analysis of the MLR results showed a significant correlation between the PA wave amplitude and the tinnitus score (R = 0.31–0.37; p < 0.001). MLR result analysis showed no statistically significant correlation between the wave amplitudes and the mean auditory threshold. An analysis of a subgroup with shorter clinical history (less than nine months) revealed a statistically significant difference in the tinnitus score in relation to the genotype of (CA)n tandem repeat of the GABRß3 receptor subunit gene (p = 0.002). This result was also consistent with the distribution of the PA wave amplitude in the given subpopulation. Conclusion: Our findings indicate existence of two main regulatory mechanisms of tinnitus generation: first, the brainstem mechanism is dependent on the severity of the hearing loss; second, the cortical mechanism is likely to be dependent on the genotype of (CA)n tandem repeat in GABA(A) beta‑3 subunit gene., and J. Rottenberg, M. Zallmann, R. Kostrica, M. Jurajda, T. Talach
Introduction: Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is an inflammatory rheumatic disease characterized by the development of osteoproductive changes in the spine which could possibly result in ankylosis. Treatment with tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) inhibitors has proved to be an important step forward in the treatment of this disease, but for the time being it is not clear whether it favourably influences radiographic progression of the disease. Vascular endothelial growth factor most probably plays a role in the development of osteoproductive changes and recently its predictive influence on radiographic progression has been demonstrated. Bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP-2) participates in the regulation of bone proliferation and its increased serum level has been demonstrated in patients with advanced AS and correlated with the degree of radiographic changes. Aim: The study aims to evaluate the VEGF and BMP-2 levels in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and how these levels relate to the concurrent treatment with TNFα inhibitors. Methods: Sera were evaluated from patients at the Rheumatologic Clinic of the Hradec Králové Faculty Hospital who fulfilled the modified New York Criteria for AS (n = 55). In these patients, the parameters of the activity of the disease (BASDAI = Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index, CRP = C-reactive protein) and the concurrent therapy (TNFα inhibitors, n = 21, vs. non-anti TNFα, n = 34) were recorded. The levels of VEGF and BMP-2 were analyzed using the ELISA method. Results: In patients treated with TNFα inhibitors, a significantly lower VEGF level was found when compared to untreated patients (140.3 (109.4; 262.2) vs. 261 (172.4; 396.6) pg/ml; p = 0.02). No difference was found between BMP-2 levels in both groups (treated vs. untreated patients) (254.8 (2301; 267.3) vs. 261.1 (248.6; 273.5) pg/ml; p = 0.24). A correlation analysis did not reveal any relationship between VEG F and BMP-2 (r = 0.057; p = 0.68). Serum levels of VEGF correlated with serum levels of CRP (r = 0.56; p = 0.00001) and the BASDAI value (r = 0.33; p = 0.015). Conclusion: Significantly lower VEGF levels were found in patients treated with TNFα inhibitors versus the untreated patients. These findings are in harmony with some hitherto published analyses and may give evidence of a favourable effect of TNFα inhibitors on radiographic progression. Neither influence on the BMP-2 level by treatment with TNFα inhibitors nor correlation with VEGF levels was demonstrated. and M. Tošovský, P. Bradna, C. Andrýs, K. Andrýsová, E. Čermáková, T. Soukup
Kontinuální tvorba výpotků jakékoliv etiologie zásadním způsobem ovlivňuje kvalitu života nemocných. Akumulace tekutiny v pleurální dutině postupně komprimuje plicní parenchym. Prvním příznakem bývá progrese námahové dušnosti, později se přidává i klidová dušnost. S nárůstem výpotku dochází ke kompresi plicního parenchymu s rozvojem plicní atelektázy. Nemocný je ohrožen vznikem zánětového onemocnění plic v nevzdušném plicním parenchymu. U diagnózy maligního onemocnění je riziko zánětových komplikací výrazně vyšší vzhledem k předchozí chemoterapii či radioterapii, která zásadním způsobem snižuje imunitu. Opakovaná tvorba výpotku se výrazně podílí na rozvoji terminálního stavu nádorové kachexie. Efektivní metodou léčby je chemická pleurodéza, která se užívá u vybraného spektra nemocných. Principem je navození aseptické pleuritidy. Nejefektivnější cestou aplikace léčiva je videotorakoskopie. V souboru bylo 47 nemocných, 29 (61,7 %) mužů a 18 (38,3 %) žen, s cytologicky prokázaným recidivujícím maligním pleurálním výpotkem. Věkové rozmezí 42–80 let, Ø věk 65 let. Cílem práce bylo objektivizovat průběh celkových a lokálních zánětových změn po talkáži. Efekt léčby nebyl ovlivněn základním typem nádorového onemocnění. U obou skupin nebyly významně odlišné pooperační komplikace, což dokládá bezpečnost zvolené metody a podporuje správně zvolený algoritmus léčby., Continuous pleural effusion production of any aetiology can significantly affect the quality of patients life. Chronic effusion accumulation in the pleural cavity can lead to lung parenchyma compression. The first symptom of this entity is a progressive exertional dyspnea, which can later turn in dyspnea at rest. With the increase of the pleural effusion volume, pulmonary atelectasis can develop due to chronic parenchycha compression. The patient is at risk of inflamatory complications from the territory of non-ventilated parenchyma. Patients with a diagnosis of malignant disease have this risk considerably higher due to their previous chemotherapy or radiation, which substantially affect the immunity system. Repeated pleural effusion formation can significantly take part in the development of the terminal status of cancer cachexia. An effective method of palliative treatment is a chemical pleurodesis, which is used in selected patients. The principle is inducing aseptic inflammation. The most effective way of application is via videothoracoscopy. In a group of 47 patients, there were 29 (61.7 %) men and 18 (38.3 %) women with cytologically diagnosed recurrent malignant pleural. The age ranged between 42 and 80 with average age of 65 years. The aim was to assess the course of local and systemic inflammatory changes after talc application. The effect of treatment was not influenced by the type of malignancy . In both groups there was no significant difference in postoperative complications. This proves the safety of the selected procedure and also supports the correctness of the chosen algorithm of treatment., Petr Habal, Nedal Omran, Karolina Jankovičová, Kateřina Kondělková, Jan Krejsek, Jiří Manďák, and Literatura
Autoři referují o vzácném případu traumatické totální avulze očního bulbu s optickým nervem v úrovni chiazmatu. Kazuistické sdělení retrospektivně popisuje průběh ročního sledování mladé ženy, která byla zraněna při hasičských závodech. Avulze bulbu a optiku, kombinovaná s poraněním chiazmatu, rezultovala v hemianopický defekt druhostranného zorného pole. Při traumatu vzniklo subarachnoidální krvácení do oblasti cisteren chiazmatu, jež spontánně ustoupilo. Nedošlo k rozvoji vaskulárních spazmů mozku. Celková kortikoterapie a neuroprotekce neměla vliv na průběh onemocnění. Během sledovací doby objektivně došlo k descendentní atrofii korespondujících axonů a retinálních gangliových buněk. V současné době neexistuje efektivní terapie poranění v oblasti chiazmatu., The authors report a rare case of complete traumatic avulsion of the eyeball with the optic nerve at the level of chiasm. The case report retrospectively describes a year-long monitoring of a young woman who was injured in fire-fighter races. Avulsion of the globe and optic nerve combined with injured chiasm resulted in contralateral hemianopic visual field defect. The trauma led to subarachnoid hemorrhage in cisterns of chiasm, which spontaneously resolved. There was no development of vascular spasms in the brain. Systemic corticosteroid therapy and neuroprotection did not affect the course of the disease. During the observation period, descending atrophy of the corresponding axons and retinal ganglion cells developed. There is currently no effective therapy of chiasm injuries., and L. Hejsek, V. Kaňa, P. Rozsíval, J. Dusová, A. Stepanov, P. Trávníček, L. Tuček