The nuclear fusion processes that power the Sun take place at such high temperatures that the nuclei of atoms are able to fuse together, a process that results in the creation of very large numbers of fundamental particles called neutrinos. Neutrinos only interact through the weak interaction and gravity and therefore can penetrate out from the core of the Sun and through the Earth with little or no interaction. It is these neutrinos from the Sun that are the subject of our measurements with the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO), 2 km underground in a mine near Sudbury, Canada. With the use of heavy water as a central element in the design of SNO it was possible to determine clearly that electron neutrinos change to one of the other active flavors before reaching our detector, a property that requires that they have a mass greater than zero. Both of these fundamental neutrino properties are beyond the predictions of the Standard Model for elementary particles. Extensions of the Standard Model to include these neutrino properties can give us a more complete understanding of our Universe at a very basic level., Arthur B. McDonald ; přeložil Ivan Gregora., and Obsahuje bibliografii
We summarise the important steps and breakthroughs since the first solar neutrino detection by Raymond Davis, Jr. and the subsequent confusion known as the "solar neutrino puzzle", to the two key experiments (Super-K and SNO) that made it very clear that neutrinos, the lightest and most elusive of leptons, undergo a peculiar quantum-mechanical transformation along the path from their source to the detector. To that end, we attempt to describe the basic experimental techniques that made these discoveries possible as well as the important features of the theoretical picture, which subsequently emerged during the same period. and Michal Malinský.
8. října 2002 udělila Královská švédská akademie věd Nobelovu cenu za fyziku společně R. Davisovi Jr. a M. Koshibovi za průkopnický příspěvek v astrofyzice, zvláště za detekci kosmických neutrin, a R. Giacconimu též za práce v astrofyzice, které vedly k objevu kosmických rentgenových zdrojů. and Článek doplňují medailonky laureátů: Raymond Davis Jr., Masatoši Košiba, Riccardo Giacconi.
V roce 2003 udělila Královská švédská akademie věd Nobelovu cenu za fyziku společně A. A. Abrikosovovi, V. L. Ginzburgovi a A. J. Leggettovi za průkopnický příspěvek k teorii supravodičů a suprakapalin., Zpráva Královské švédské akademie věd ; přeložil Zdeněk Chvoj., and Na místě autora uvedena Zpráva Královské švédské akademie věd