This article presents an analysis of Czechoslovak political history of the fi rst half of the 1970s and the question of who would succeed General Ludvík Svoboda (1895-1979) as Czechoslovak President. The emphasis is on the role of Gustáv Husák (1913-1991), who emerged from the political crisis of 1968-69 as the most powerful actor, and was, at the 14th Congress of the Czechoslovak Communist Party, confi rmed as General Secretary of the Party. Using Soviet archives, the author points to differences between the individual members of the Party leadership, and particularly to the lack of unity amongst the so-called ''healthy forces''. According to him, it is fair to talk about the disintegration of this bloc, which had been formed during the Prague Spring, into several smaller groups. The secretary of the Central Committee of the Czechoslovak Communist Party, Vasil Biľak (1917-2014), was, in consequence of this and Soviet pressure, forced to abandon any ambitions tostand at the head of the Party, and had to be satisfi ed, instead, with the position of Number Two in the Party. The Soviet leadership derived social stability in Czechoslovakia from the fi rmness of the Czechoslovak Communist Party leadership, and in particular counted on the collaboration of Husák and Biľak, and it made this clear to both men. Svoboda’s failing health prevented him from properly discharging his duties as President of Czechoslovakia, but he did not even try to hold on to the presidency, even though, in the interest of political stability, he was confi rmed in offi ce in March 1973, and remained something of a temporary solution. The article does not seek to challenge or confi rm the hypothesis that he was forced to step down in May 1975; although, in any event, Svoboda was in no condition to have taken this step himself. Husák’s efforts to become President kept running up against the question of the accumulation of offi ces and also the Czech-Slovak national factor, even though, thanks to centrist Czechoslovak policy and support from Moscow, he succeeded in achieving a ‘peculiar unity’ over this question in the CPCz leadership, so that on 29 May 1975 he became the fi rst, and also the last, Czechoslovak President who was a Slovak. In Czech eyes, however, he remained a Slovak who had, after August 1968, considerably participated in the unfortunate re-imposition of hard-line Communism known as ''normalization'', whereas for the Slovak nation he increasingly became a turncoat, a ''Prague Slovak''.
The influence of the steel strip cracking at the wound part of the high pressure compound vessel on the stress, strain and vessel safety has been investigated. An equivalent orthotropic material model with the zero tangential elasticity modulus Et has been utilised to describe this phenomenon. The stress and strain analysis was carried out by means of the problem oriented finite element method (F EM) code PROKOP [2]. The damaged strip packet of thickness 10 mm at any radial position influences negatively the vessel safety. The steel strip cracking near the inner winding radius is more dangerous than the cracking near the outer radius. and Obsahuje seznam literatury
To verify possibilities of the thermic sinking technology the experiments with magmatic rocks (muscovite-biotite granite, amphibole-pyroxene andesite, pyroxene basalt) were made in the preliminary research phase. The contribution presents the microscopic study results of petrographic and structural observations of the rocks after their thermic reworking. Mainly distribution of melted rocks in the form of glass, forming of brittle deformations (fractures) on the level of mineral and rock, and penetration of melt into fissures were observed., Roman Farkašovský and Michal Zacharov., and Obsahuje bibliografii
This paper presents the relation between main crack systems and physical properties of carbonate rocks. The existence of cracks in a rock mass causes the reduction of seismic wave velocity, which is smaller in direction perpendicular to a crack plane than in direction parallel to it. This affects the occurrence of the anisotropy of seismic wave velocity, which is characteristic for rocks with preferred orientation of cracks. The existence of relationship between crack and seismic anisotropy allowed to use geophysical methods for determination of fracture density and orientation of crack systems. The research area is located in the south-east part of the Upper Silesian Trough. Tectonic observation and geophysical measurements was carried on the carbonate sequence on the both fold limbs building the Chrzanow-Wilkoszyn Syncline, originated during the Early Cimmerian movements, in the Upper Triassic - Middle Jurassic period. It was measured seismic waves velocity in the surface layers of rock mass and the strike azimuth and dip angle of cracks.The seismic anisotropy of the rock mass was done along radial profiles having common central point using P.A.S.I. Seis mograph (Mod.16S24-N). Results of field measurements were interpreted to estimate components of crack and velocity tensors. Obtained outcomes allowed to compare the existing main crack systems on the both fold limbs with seismic measurements. Eventually we have shown that seismic measurements are useful tool to study the cracks anisotropy in rocks inaccessible for direct observations., Iwona Stan-Kleczek, Katarzyna Sutkowska, Dominika Stan and Mikołaj Zolich., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
The transformed C6 glial cells in cultures were treated with sodium mercaptoborate (Na2B12H11SH, BSH), a carrier of atomic targets (10B) of thermal neutrons for the neutron capture therapy of brain tumors. As shown by light microscopy, the therapeutic dose of BSH (100 µg/ml) did not alter the gross morphology and growth of the population of cells within a 72 h treatment interval. Electron microscopic analysis of these cells revealed activation of nucleoli and, occasionally, enlarged and bifurcated mitochondria. After 200 µg BSH/ml and 72 h treatment, growth of the cell population was inhibited and ultrastructural changes became more profound. They included condensation of chromatin and its allocation to the nuclear envelope which formed deeper invaginations. Mitochondria further increased in size and were characterized by slim or angular cristae. Moreover, in circumscribed segments of some of the slightly swollen mitochondria their cristae disappeared or were reduced to fine pouch-like structures localized near the continuous outer membrane, suggestive for a non-destructive restructuring of the inner mitochondrial membrane. The smooth pinocytotic vesicles near the plasma membrane, lysosomes and heterogeneous dense bodies were more frequent. The revealed subcellular targets of BSH may initiate the development of pharmacological protocols aimed to further improve the tolerance to BSH by the healthy tissues of patients undergoing BNCT of brain tumors, e.g. by intervention into the oxidative stress triggered likely by the altered mitochondria., V. Mareš, D. Krajčí, V. Lisá., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Changes in the utilization pattern of primary substrate, viz. [U-14C] acetate, 14CO2 and [U-14C] saccharose, and the contents of 14C fixation products in photosynthetic metabolites (sugars, amino acids, and organic acids) were determined in Fe-deficient citronella in relation to the essential oil accumulation. There was an overall decrease in photosynthetic efficiency of the Fe-deficient plants as evidenced by lower levels of incorporation into the sugar fraction and essential oil after 14CO2 had been supplied. When acetate and saccharose were fed to the Fe-deficient plants, despite a higher incorporation of label into sugars, amino acids, and organic acids, there was a lower incorporation of these metabolites into essential oils than in control plants. Thus, the availability of precursors and the translocation to a site of synthesis/accumulation, severely affected by Fe deficiency, is equally important for the essential oil biosynthesis in citronella. and N. K. Srivastava, A. Misra, S. Sharma.
We analysed a nearly 133-km-long portion of the Sudetic Marginal Fault (SMF) in Poland (99.7 km) and the Czech Republic (33.8 km), comprised between Złotoryja in the NW and Jesenik in the SE. The fault trace has been subdivided into fifteen segments showing different orientation (N29°W to N56°W, and even N111°W SE of Złoty Stok), geological setting, length (8.8-22.9 km in Poland and 1.4-7.5 km in the Czech Republic), and height of the fault- and fault-line scarps (5-75 m to 200-360 m). Orientation of the entire fault trace approaches N41° W, and the mountain front sinuosity amounts to 1.051. Individual fault segments bear a flight of two to five tiers of triangular facets, showing differentiated state of preservation and degree of erosional remodelling. The highest triangular facets are confined to Rychlebské (Złote) and Sowie Mts. This tiering points to at least five episodes of uplift of the SMF footwall, starting shortly after 31 Ma, i.e. after basalts of the Sichów Hills area were displaced by the fault, and most probably postdating 7-5 Ma time interval, during which rapid cooling and exhumation of the Sowie Góry Mts. massif took place. Morphometric parameters of 244 small catchment areas of streams that dissect the fault scarp include, i.a. elongation, relief, and average slope of individual catchment areas, together with values of the valley flo or width to valley height ratios. These figures point to moderate tectonic activity of the SMF and allow us to conclude about Quaternary uplift, particularly important in the Sowie and Rychlebské (Złote) segments., Janusz Badura, Witold Zuchiewicz, Petra Štěpančiková, Bogusław Przybylski, Bernard Kontny and Stefan Cacoń., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
The essay focuses on reproductive tourism and estrangement not only from our products and people who produce what we consume but also from our emotions and our intimate lives. Concretely, the author focuses on experience of commercial surrogates in India – poor women in whom a couple’s embryo is implanted and who carry that baby to term for domestic or foreign clients. Drawing on interviews, the author analyses the world’s largest womb rental service and how – out of financial need – the surrogate manages her emotional ties to her own body.
The photoprotection of energy dissipation and water-water cycle were investigated by comparing chilling sensitivity of photosystems 2 (PS2) and 1 (PS1) in two chilling-sensitive plants, cucumber and sweet pepper, upon exposure to 4 °C under low irradiance (100 μmol m-2 s-1) for 6 h. During chilling stress, the maximum photochemical efficiency of PS2 (Fv/Fm) decreased only slightly in both plants, but the oxidisable P700 decreased markedly, which indicated that PS1 was more sensitive to chilling treatment under low irradiance than PS2. Sweet pepper leaves had lower Fv/Fm, higher non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), and higher oxidisable P700 during chilling stress. Activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in cucumber leaves was higher, but APX activity decreased apparently compared to that at room temperature. The productions of active oxygen species (H2O2, O2 -) increased in both plants, faster in cucumber leaves than in sweet pepper leaves. In sweet pepper leaves, a stronger de-epoxidation of the xanthophyll cycle pigments, a higher NPQ could act as a major protective mechanism to reduce the formation of active oxygen species during stress. Thus sensitivity of both plants to chilling under low irradiance was dominated by the protective mechanisms between PS1 and PS2, especially the energy dissipation and the water-water cycle. and X.-G. Li ... [et al.].