The study of optometry at the Department of Optometry and Orthoptics, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University in Brno, successfully extends an education tradition of national center for nursery and non-medical health-care. Optometrists find engagement not only in optometric centres and opticians but they are also team members of ophthalmic clinics and refraction centres. It is a matter of time only when they take a firm post between professionals for instance treating patients with acquired brain damage or light brain dysfunctions. Such an engagement of optometrists is at present common in anglo-Saxon countries. and Výuka optometrie na katedře optometrie a ortoptiky LF MU Brno úspěšně navázala a rozšířila tradici ve vzdělávání v Národním centru ošetřovatelství a nelékařských zdravotnických oborů. Optometristé nalézají uplatnění nejen v optometrických centrech, očních optikách, ale stávají se součástí odborných týmů očních klinik a refrakčních center. Je jen otázkou času, kdy zaujmou i u nás svoje pevné místo mezi odborníky, problematiku řešícími pacientů, například se získaným poškozením mozku nebo lehkou mozkovou dysfunkcí. Toto zapojení optometristů je v současné době již běžné v anglosaských zemích.
This article deals with the constitutional developments and legal policy in Central Europe since 1989 and focuses on a temporal analysis of and the difference between the demos and ethnos concepts of the nation in the political and legal systems. Drawing on several social theories of time, identity and the codification of social traditions, the author claims that the difference between the civic and the ethnic concepts of the nation does not relate just to the conflict between the liberal-democratic aspirations and ethno-nationalistic myths of authoritarian politicians. The concepts rather represent two distinct traditions, manipulated by political officials and codified in the constitutional processes. The political manipulation of the past and the process of selecting from among different traditions are manifest at the level of constitutional symbolism and in the specific government programmes that have arisen in post-communist Hungary, Slovakia, Poland, and the Czech Republic. In the concluding part the author presents an analysis of the relationship between the abstract and symbolic language of constitutional documents and the concrete, ethnically determined legal policies in Central European countries.
Nakládání s lesy se v minulosti řídilo skoro výhradně ekonomickými a sociálními potřebami a poměry. Ty se často dosti měnily jak v průběhu času, tak regionálně. Leccos však fungovalo shodně napříč Evropou. Ve střední Evropě, která zahrnuje prostor od Rýna po východní Karpaty a kontinent severně od Alp, byly způsoby využívání lesa v zásadě všude shodné. Tento článek si klade za cíl stručně přiblížit základní tradiční formy lesního hospodaření ve středoevropském regionu. Představíme důsledky tohoto hospodaření pro les jako ekosystém a prostředí pro život organismů. and In Central Europe, forests were managed using traditional methods until the arrival of modern forestry and later near-natural forestry. Detailed information on forest management is available from the Middle Ages onwards. The two main types of traditional forestry management were coppicing and wood-pasture. They were well-established systems with constant yields of wood and other uses.
Tradiční formy lesního hospodaření měly jiný ekologický dopad než současné metody. Nížinné lesy byly celkově světlejší a živinami chudší, odlišné bylo rozložení světelných fází a hlavních živin v půdě. Původ světlých středoevropských lesů zůstává zatím nedořešenou otázkou, existují aspoň čtyři možná vysvětlení. O to zřetelněji se však jeví potřeba obnovy tradičních forem managementu kvůli ochraně biodiverzity. and Traditional forms of forest management had different ecological impacts than current methods. Lowland woodlands were generally lighter and nutrient poorer, the distribution of light phases and the allocation of major soil nutrients were different. The origins of open forests in Central Europe remain an open question as to which of the at least four explanations apply. The need for the restoration of traditional management forms to conserve biodiversity is all the more evident these days.
Cardiovascular diseases are the most common cause of mortality and morbidity in most populations. As the traditional modifiable risk factors (smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and obesity) were defined decades ago, we decided to analyze recent data in patients who survived acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The Czech part of the study included data from 999 males, and compared them with the post-MONICA study (1,259 males, representing general population). The Lithuanian study included 479 male patients and 456 age-matched controls. The Kazakhstan part included 232 patients and 413 controls. In two countries, the most robust ACS risk factor was smoking (OR 3.85 in the Czech study and 5.76 in the Lithuanian study), followed by diabetes (OR 2.26 and 2.07) and hypertension (moderate risk elevation with OR 1.43 and 1.49). These factors did not influence the ACS risk in Kazakhstan. BMI had no significant effect on ACS and plasma cholesterol was surprisingly significantly lower (P<0.001) in patients than in controls in all countries (4.80 ±1.11 vs. 5.76 ±1.06 mmol /l in Czechs; 5.32 ±1.32 vs. 5.71 ±1.08 mmol /l in Lithuanians; 4.88 ±1.05 vs. 5.38±1.13 mmol /l in Kazakhs/Russians). Results from our study indicate substantial heterogeneity regarding major CVD risk factors in different populations with the exception of plasma total cholesterol which was inversely associated with ACS risk in all involved groups. These data reflect ethnical and geographical differences as well as changing pattern of cardiovascular risk profiles., J. A. Hubacek, V. Stanek, M. Gebauerova, V. Adamkova, V. Lesauskaite, D. Zaliaduonyte-Peksiene, A. Tamosiunas, A. Supiyev, A. Kossumov, A. Zhumadilova, J. Pitha., and Obsahuje bibliografii