This study deals with the changes in position of the office of moravian land captain during the reign of last members of house Luxemburg in Moravia, since the ascension of king Venceslaus IV. in the year 1411, over the reign of Sigismund of Hungary, to the granting of Moravian margravate to Albrecht V. of Habsburg in october 1423. The author corrects some deficiencies of existing literature and specifies the chronology of holders of this office. Based on the analysisi of sources are also reconstructed purviews and areas, in which the land captain could intervene and their changes in time of hussite wars and reign of different margraves. This work also captures the way of appointment and deposition of land captains by the ruler and different strategies and attempts to alternate arrangement of administration of Moravian margravate by Sigismund of Hungary, when he tried to sideline this office, which became more and more dependent on the forming high nobility estate.
During the medieval and early modern eras, most of the European urban authorities intended to rule their cities for the «common good», together with respecting the social hierarchy and privileged status. In the 18th century, however, many voices raised for improving the urban policing and reforming old regulations. Most of police officers claimed for equality of every inhabitant with regards to local police ordinances and petty police courts. But even if the urban rules agreed with their arguments for a more efficient policing, they could not prescribe an equality that would overthrow the Ancien Régime’s social order. Brussels in the 18th century is a good example of this contradiction. It was there impossible to reform the policing for the foreigners nor to create a professional night-watch, because of the strong reluctance of the city aldermen to abandon social privileges which were seen as fundamental freedoms of the country., Catherine Denys ; translated by Laura Bennett., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Urbanization of poverty in developing countries. Urbanization of poverty is a complex process which includes various interactions between poverty and growth of urban population. In quantitative terms, it reflects not only the rural-urban migration but also the growth of cities associated with the incorporation of surrounding rural areas and natural population increase within the cities. Moreover, it also includes many important qualitative changes resulting from different nature of rural and urban lifestyles.
The article deals with the problem of determination of basic parameters of unknown lenses, namely their radii of curvature, thicknesses and refractive indices of materials (e.g. optical glasses) from which these lenses are made. Four methods are proposed to obtain these parameters and mathematical relationships are derived that allow to determine the refractive index and Abbe number of lens material based on the measured radius values, the thickness and the position of the focal point or the focal length. and V článku je řešena problematika určení základních parametrů neznámých čoček, a to jejich poloměrů křivosti, tlouštěk a indexů lomu materiálů (např. optických skel), z kterých jsou tyto čočky zhotoveny. Jsou navrženy čtyři metody získání těchto parametrů a jsou odvozeny matematické vztahy, které umožňují určit index lomu a Abbeovo číslo materiálu čoček, a to na základě naměřených hodnot poloměrů křivosti, tloušťky a polohy obrazového ohniska nebo velikosti ohniskové vzdálenosti.
V práci je řešen jeden z možných způsobů určení materiálových konstant tenké desky, a to pro případ kruhové desky na okraji upnuté. Byly odvozeny vztahy, které umožňují bezdotykovým způsobem určit Poissonovo číslo a modul pružnosti v tahu materiálu desky. V případě, že je materiál desky průhledný (např. kapalinové čočky), jsou uvedeny vztahy pro výpočet indexu lomu a Abbeova čísla tohoto materiálu.
A detailed theoretical analysis of the diffraction theory of imaging of a point object by the optical system is performed. Explicit relationships are established to determine the position of the point micro-particle in the object space of the optical system. and V práci je podrobně teoreticky analyzována difrakční teorie zobrazení bodového předmětu optickou soustavou. Jsou odvozeny explicitní vztahy, které umožňují určit polohu bodové mikročástice v předmětovém prostoru optické soustavy.