Ve dvacátém století se astronomové dostali téměř až na samou hranici viditelného vesmíru. Ve velkých vzdálenostech na škálách stamilionů a miliard světelných roků dnes pozorujeme struktury, které vyplňují dosud nezmapovaný prostor a zároveň se pohybují a mění v čase. Pohyby a struktury velkých měřítek jsou tím nejrozsáhlejším kartografickým a astrofyzikálním projektem, ke kterému dosud astronomové dospěli., Ivan Havlíček., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Sustained orthostasis elicits the elevation of arterial blood pressure (BP) via sympathetic activation in conscious Wistar rats for at least 2 hours. We tested the hypothesis whether vestibular apparatus plays a role in BP and heart rate (HR) control in response to prolonged gravitational stress. BP and HR responses to 45º head-up for either 2 or 24 hours were monitored by telemetry. Vestibular lesions (VL) were performed by a modified microsurgical-chemical technique. Horizontal BP and HR were not influenced by VL preceding 2-hour tilt. VL abolished the sustained 2-hour BP response to head-up tilt (8.3±0.9 mm Hg relative to horizontal values) while suppressed HR transiently only. VL eliminated diurnal BP fluctuations and decreased HR in horizontal position for 24 hours. Head-up tilt for 24 hours increased BP and HR progressively in intact animals, raising their daily average value by 5.6±0.7 mm Hg and 22.2±6 BPM, respectively. VL resulted in an initial BP rise followed by progressive BP reduction in response to long-term head-up tilt (4±2.2 mm Hg) without eliminating the tachycardia (34.4±5.4 BPM). Thus, blockade of labyrinthine inputs attenuates the BP responses elicited by both intermediate and long-term gravitational stress of orthostatic type. However, other sensory inputs derived from non-vestibular cues (e.g. proprioceptive, visual, visceral, cutaneous etc.) seem to be effective enough to maintain BP normal., G. Raffai ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
During monopolar monoaural galvanization the absolute value of body mass centre displacement angle did not depend on the stimulation electrode position. The angle value was always close either to 0° or to 180° (i.e. in the latero-lateral direction). However, some fine angle differences between different electrode positions occurred and they were statistically significant in two cases. During monoaural bipolar stimulation the body mass centre moved practically in all directions ( for all four used electrode positions) and the angles formed a more or less coherent rosette in the range of 0°-360°.