This paper deals with the so-called transitional phase B2/C1, the nature of which is still being debated in the archaeological literature. The heart of the discussion is in its archaeological relevance, the dating, and its cultural, ethnic and social background. THe general consensus is that it dates to the time of Marcomannic wars. On the basis of new archaeological evidence and an analysis of some diagnostic forms found on the datable sites north of the Danube, it is suggested that the Late Roman phase C1a overlaps to a large extent with the so-called transitional B2/C1 phase, which began shortly before AD 180. A question arises of how to define the subsequent phase C1a and whether both phases in question can be seen as separate stages with separate chronological sequences. Controversy surround the proposed detailed division of the transitional phase between Early and Late Roman Period into two phases and therewith also a sharp chronological diffrentiation of the archaeological material from the late 2nd century and approximatively the first third of the 3rd century. The emergence of a specific archaeological milieu relatin to the transitional phase probably has an ethnic and socio-cultiral background. It shows strong infuences from the Roman provinces. Its characteristic features may be considered as a reflection of wars and their aftermath., Jaroslav Tejral., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Polycultural locality in Kuřim with prevailing Neolithic settlement was partly excavated in rescue research, which was carried out by Ústav archeologické památkové péče Brno. Moravian Painted Ware Culture represents insignifi cant component of this settlement. The excavated pottery was chronologically classifi ed into the end of its earlier phase. Regarding objects, there was gained not a very large collection of chipped and polished stone industry. The results of analysis of stone industry contribute to mapping of distribution network of stone material during Neolithic in the north of Brno, mainly in relation to Boskovická brázda, which was an important long-distance communication in prehistory., Martin Kuča., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
A salvage excavation carried out in Hlinsko quarry in 2006 yielded a collection of Aurignacian-like artifacts supplemented by a bifacial triangular point. Recently, a refitting attempt documented on-site reduction of a carinated burin-core and shaping/thinning of the bifacial point. Subsequently, a use-wear study supported the homogeneity of the assemblage. The assemblage relates to the Morava-type Aurignacian (B. Klíma) or Míškovice-type Upper Paleolithic industry (M. Oliva) previously known in Moravia for lithic assemblages originating only from surface find spots. At the same time, some similar excavated Upper Paleolithic assemblages combining Aurignacian-like and Szeletian-like features are also known in Eastern Europe., Yuri E. Demidenko, Petr Škrdla, Joseba Rios-Garaizar., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The Middle to Upper Paleolithic (MP/Up) transitional period and the question of a replacement of Neanderthals by Anatomically Modern Humans is a crucial question in current Archaeology and ANthropology. However, without the discovery and excavation of new Early Upper Paleolithic (EUP) sites, no progress in the issue of the MP/UP transitional period in the Middle Danube Region would be possible. The systematic and repeated surface surveys on the site of Tvarožná-Za školou (Fig. 2) resulted in an important Bohunician artifact assemblage. Among the important features of thsi assemblage is an equal ratio of Stránska skála type adn Krumlovský les type cherts, which are supplemented by non-specified Moravian Jurassic cherts, Cretaceous spongolite cherts, radiolarite, and erratic flint. The industry is characterized by the absence of bifacial reduciton and the application of Levalloisian technology on all recognized types of raw material. Because the test pits excavated during 2006-2008 yielded arfifact within intact sediments, a larger and more complex excavation was realized during summer 2008 and a continuation is planned for 2010. The straifiied collection from Tvarožhná will contribute to the knowledge about the EUP in MOravia by clarifying the chronology and homogeneity/heterogenity of Bohunician collections (cf. hypothesis in Tostevin, Škrdla 2006). Another important issue is the cmoparison of the surface and excavated collection from the same site. While the surface collection was already published (Škrdla 2007), this arcitcle presents field results and preliminary interpretations from the 2008 season., Petr Škrdla ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The Institute of Archaeology of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic in Brno organized in the days of 24.- 25.9.2012 in the town of Hodonín a colloquium "Usus aquarum - Water and Water Structures in the LIfe of the Early Middle Ages Societies of the Central Europe" within the conference series "Internationale Tagungen in Mikulčice". Since the deditors obtained for the planned proceedings of papers in the 10. volume of publication series "Internationale Tagungen in Mikulčice" only 5 papers, these papers were relocated into the journal Synopsis of researches and published here in the block following this introduciton. This is a brief report on the colloquium - its course, aim, programme, etc., Lumír Poláček., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The enormous importance of water for human settlement is reflected in the huge quantity of Slavic lexemes in mediaeval settlement names, referring to different kinds of bodies of water, marshland, distinct features of water and so on. Yet place names can also indicate the use of water, as will be shown for Bohemia in thes essay. In analysing these names, the essential precepts of onomastics must be observed. Firstly, rather than giving a run-of-the-mill account, names reflect a distinguishing feature particular to a certain settlement. For example, the name Mlynec indicates that a mill was the only one in its vicinity (and therefore outstanding enough to feature in the name of this settlement(. Secondly, many places names which may appear to refer to the use of water might also have other origins, such as metaphorical relations. In order to determine the impact and the use of water in early mediaeval settlement areas, it must be concluded that there are more reliable ways than counting corresponding topnyms. Analysing the complete toponomasticon of a settlement region offers a more precise picture, as is demonstrated for the region eas of the lower River Neisse/Nysa Lužycka at the end of this essay., Christian Zschieschang., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
This study examines osteological remains from an urban Medieval settlement in Brno. Plots at Dominikánská and Kobližná streets and the organization of meat supplies in Brno city in the High Middle Ages were investigated. Evidence for 21 animal species was found with the dominant source of meat coming from cattle and the proportion of poultry increasing in the 15th century. The age structure of slaughter animals and anatomical composition corresponds to normal conditions in Czech, German and Polish territories. Development of the butchery trade could be linked with municipal cities. Butchers‘ guild in Brno took its statute in the 14th century and animals were slaughtered in dedicated slaughterhouses. Occasional fishing also took place. The meat was sold in established meat shops as well as specialised marketplaces., Miriam Nývltová Fišáková, Rudolf Procházka, Zdeňka Sůvová., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Institute of Art History of the ASCR in cooperation with British Archeological Association organized between 7th-12th July 2006 session, that had the character of an international conference, the topic was Medieval Art and Architecture in Prague and Bohemia. The lectures were completed by excursions into main Czech medieval monuments, such as Prague centre, Karlstejn Castle and Kutna Hora Centre. and Klára Benešovská.
Údolí středního Labe patří z hlediska archeologie k nejvíce prozkoumaným regionům v České republice a pravděpodobně i střední Evropě. Pylový profil ze zaniklého jezera, situovaný v této oblasti a zachycující historii vývoje vegetace mezi ca 5800–700 cal BP, tvoří podklad diskuse o vývoji krajiny rekonstruovaném na základě archeologických dat na jedné straně a palynologických dat na straně druhé. Kvantifikace a následné přímé srovnání obou zdrojů informací ukázaly překvapující nesoulad. Pokus vyřešit vzájemnou nekompatibilitu výsledků vedl ke třem hlavním závěrům: 1. Archeologický obraz určitých časových období může být vážně narušen transformačními procesy nebo nemožností archeologicky zachytit některé archeologické kultury. 2. Pylový záznam z vrtu v jezeře může být překvapivě lokální: korelace pylových a archeologických dat je optimální, pokud bereme v úvahu archeologickou situaci v okruhu do 1 km od vrtu. 3. Zatímco kvantita archeologických pramenů se v čase příliš nezvyšuje, v pylovém diagramu je pozorovatelný progresivní vývoj. Postupný nárůst odrazu antropogenních aktivit akceleruje mezi mladší/pozdní dobou bronzovou a halštatským obdobím. Tento jev je možné nejlépe vysvětlit dlouhodobým kumulativním vlivem lidské činnosti na vegetaci. and From an archaeological perspective, the valley of the middle Labe river is one of the best studied regions within the Czech Republic and possibly Central Europe as a whole. Lake pollen profiles, dated to ca 5800–700 cal BP, recovered within this area form the basis of a discussion between the archaeological and pollen evidence. Quantification and subsequent direct comparison of both data sources revealed discrepancies between them. An attempt to solve this incompatibility resulted in three main conclusions: 1) The archaeological picture of some periods may be seriously influenced by processes of archaeological transformation or by an inability to identify traces of certain prehistoric periods archaeologically. 2) The pollen record under study may be very local, therefore correlation with archaeological data is optimal if we take into the analysis only 1 km diameter area. 3) Whereas the quantity of archaeological record does not seriously increase in time, we observe progressive development in pollen diagram. Stepwise increase in the reflection of human activities accelerate between the Late/Final Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age. This can be best explained by cumulative effect of human impact to the vegetation.
V době příprav nové legislativy upravující podmínky pro působení archeologie otevírají následující texty diskusi o provádění terénních výzkumů v České republice. Výchozí text kritizuje praxi, kdy si tzv. oprávněné organizace zaměstnávající profesionální archeology najímají na výkopové a dokumentační práce komerční organizace, tzv. servisní firmy, které vyplácejí z finančních prostředků poskytnutých zpravidla investorem na úhradu nákladů na výzkum. Pokud archeologie rezignuje na neustálé řízení postupu terénního výzkumu, přestává být poznávacím oborem, popsaná praxe navíc může být v rozporu s principem financování archeologických výzkumů vycházejícím z nonprofitního pojetí realizace odborné činnosti ve veřejném zájmu. Oponenti poukazují na to, že nejde o problém servisních organizací, ale o otázku jejich korektního či nekorektního využití. Nutnost jejich zapojení do terénního výzkumu zdůvodňují mj. omezenými kapacitami profesních archeologů a podmínkami rozsáhlých a striktně termínovaných záchranných prací; archeolog – vedoucí výzkumu je plně odpovědný za úroveň řešení odborných otázek i využití vynaložených prostředků. Nalézt průnik obou pohledů nebude snadné, avšak archeologie musí v každém případě eliminovat společenská rizika spojená s těmito problémy. and The conducting of terrain excavations in the Czech Republic is the topic of the ensuing discussion at a time when new legislation is being prepared on the conditions for archaeological operations. The starting text involves a critique on the practice of licensed organisations, which employ professional archaeologists, hiring commercial organisations, i.e. so-called “service companies”, to perform digging and recording work, and who pay these “service companies” from funds provided by investors to cover excavation costs. If archaeology resigns to the continuous management of terrain excavation procedures, it will stop being an epistemic field. The described practice can furthermore be in conflict with the principle of financing archaeological excavations stemming from the non-profit conception of the execution of professional activities in the interest of the public. Objectors see it as not being a problem of service companies, but a question of the correct or incorrect utilisation of these companies. These organisations state one of the reasons for using these service companies in terrain work as being the limited capacity of professional archaeologists and the conditions surrounding extensive rescue excavation work and its strict deadlines; the archaeologist – the head of the excavation is fully responsible for the standard of resolving specialised issues and the utilisation of expended resources. Finding a meeting point between these two views will not be easy, however archaeology must in all cases eliminate the social risks linked with these problems.