The Hypercolumri (HCM) neural network model is an unsupervised
competitive network consisting of hierarchical layers of the Hierarchical Self-Organizing Map (HSOM) neural networks arranged by similar to the cell planes in the Neocognitron (NC) neural network. The HCM model combines the advantages of both the HSOM and the NC while rejecting their disadvantages, and alleviates many difficulties associated with image recognition applications. It can recognize images with variant objects size, position, orientation, and spatial resolution. However, due to the hierarchical structure of the HCM model, the network spends a long tirne in the recognition. In this paper, the HCM model is introduced with a new competitive algorithm that reduces the network recognition tinie into a realtime range. The proposed algorithm uses the subset frorri the most discriminate codebook of the network weights to find the winner of each HSOM in the hrst layer of the HCM model.
The aim of this article is to make known a commentated Church Slavonic version of the Psalms which appears to have been compiled in the East Slav area, probably in the late fourteenth century, and which has not hitherto been the object of scholarly investigation. The description which follows is based on three manuscripts, containing essentially the same catena, although with a number of variant readings; it is hoped that this brief account may lead to the identification of other manuscripts of the same text and to elucidation of the circumstances in which it was compiled.
1. A study was made by knockdown sampling and branch clipping of the arthropod fauna of the canopy of two native oak species (Quercus robur and Q. petraea) and of two introduced species (Q. cerris and Q. ilex ) in woods near Oxford, UK, and of two native species (Q. pubescens and Q. ilex) in southern France. Sampling was undertaken for five years in the UK and for four years in France. All the specimens from the UK, except Acarina, Collembola and Nematocera were identified to species or, occasionally, to morphotype.
2. In terms of overall numbers, species richness and biomass, the results for Q. robur and Q. petraea in the UK were very similar. Their samples contained over three times the biomass and nearly double the number of species compared with those from the introduced oak species (Q. cerris and Q. ilex).
3. The ordinal composition was very similar on Q. robur and Q. petraea, and that on Q. cerris showed closer concordance to the composition of these trees than to that of Q. ilex in the UK. The ordinal composition of the faunas of the two native oak species in France showed closer concordance to each other than to any of the oak species in the UK. The proportion of Psocoptera was much higher in the UK, and that of Thysanoptera was higher in France.
4. The guild composition in terms of numbers, species richness and biomass were closely correlated on Q. robur and Q. petraea, and on Q. robur in two different woods, which argues for an underlying determinism in the development of community structure. The guild composition on the introduced species (Q. cerris and Q. ilex) was most closely correlated when expressed as species richness.
5. The similarity of the guild composition on the oak species in the UK in terms of the actual species found was tested by a modified Sørensen's Index. This showed that the guilds could be ranked in the following order of decreasing similarity: epiphyte fauna, tourists, scavengers, phytophages, parasitoids-predators.
6. There were distinct seasonal patterns. In terms of species richness the values showed a general trend peaking in summer and early autumn, but biomass peaked in May on the native oak species, mainly due to Lepidopterous larvae. The ratio of prey to predator and parasitoid biomass had a distinct seasonal pattern, there being an excess of prey in May, but almost an equivalence throughout the rest of the season. This may reflect the high population of spiders in the late summer and autumn, which are likely to feed on tourists. Most classical ecosystem models do not allow for this latter important source of food that is not itself dependent on the communities' habitat.
7. The epiphyte dwelling guild (principally grazing Psocoptera) was a major component of the fauna in terms of numbers on the evergreen Q. ilex in UK. This has been reported for other studies of evergreen species in temperate climates.
Structure and photomechanical changes upon light/dark adaptation in the superposition compound eyes of the highly sexually dimorphic Orygia antiqua were studied by light and electron microscopy. The eyes of the fully winged male differ from those of the wingless, sedentary female in several respects: they are significantly larger, display a more regular ommatidial array, have a wider clearzone and possess a much more substantial tracheal tapetum. However, the eyes of the female exhibit more pronounced photomechanical changes upon light/dark adaptation than those of the male. We believe that for females, on account of their limited mobility, it is necessary that their eyes can cope with widely fluctuating brightnesses, but that visual sensitivity and resolving power are less important to them than to the actively flying males. Although the latter may be attracted to the females by pheromones, males in their diurnal searches will have to visually avoid obstacles and predators. Moreover, because of their ability to fly, males can seek shelters or shaded areas and unlike the sedentary females avoid prolonged exposures to potentially hazardous light levels. This could explain why the eyes of the females exhibit more pronounced photomechanical responses to changes in ambient light levels.
The following is a slightly revised selection from chapter 4 of Veronika Stoyanova’s recent book Ideology and Social Protests in Eastern Europe: Beyond the Transition’s Liberal Consensus (London: Routledge, 2018). Stoyanova traces discursive developments during the final years of Communist Party rule in Bulgaria and the radical transformations that followed, when the concept of civil society played a central role in emerging justifications of democracy, market reforms, and a certain kind of anti-populist elitism.
Fish are goods, as well as televisions and DVDs with films. Those examples are simple, but what
about the rights for fishing, films transmitted by television signal, or electricity, are they goods or services? The line between these two concepts is not always clear. Is the distinction between goods and services necessary? The introduction of this article examines whether and why there is a need to distinguish goods and services. The second chapter will focus on the definition of goods in the Treaty of the Functioning of the European Union2 (hereinafter the Treaty) and in the case law of the Court of Justice (hereinafter the Court). The differences between goods and services will be described in the third chapter illustrated with some examples. The conclusion will provide a simple guideline on how to subsume a case under the Treaty provisions on free movement of goods or services and examine whether the above-mentioned definition is still valid nowadays.
The purpose of this study is to provide new insights into our understanding of Indian traditional concepts of painting and into the painter from the point of view of Sanskrit technical treatises. A number of śilpa śāstras explain the concept of painting by highlighting the divine origin of this art, which is defined in the narrative of two myths and in the establishment of traditional authorities such as Lord Viśvakarman and Nagnajit. Closely linked to the divine origin of this art is that of the auspiciousness attached to painting: the texts in this analysis explain the auspicious and inauspicious characteristics of painting, stressing the importance of concepts such as measurement, proportion, beauty and colors. This study will finally examine the painter himself who is considered by the śilpa śāstras as someone capable of grasping and using all these notions together in a skillful way. This article also seeks to highlight some critical discrepancies between the painter as described in the śilpa śāstras and the painter as described in secondary literature, in which he is sometimes identified with a yogī.
In this paper some properties of quadratic forms whose base points lie in the point set Fπ , the fundamental domain of the modular group, and transforming these forms into the reduced forms with the same discriminant ∆ < 0 are given.
The traditional notion of Herzl, the symbol, with vague and naive Zionist self-awareness, was abandoned in academic circles some time ago. The question is whether the scarce and fragmented sources on his ideological make-up can serve he purpose of drawing any fundamental conclusions. In spite of the visionary tendencies Herzl displayed, there are intellectual moments in his thinking that deserve attention. His ideas may not be perceived as systematic but they do represent a specific trend in Zionist ideology, as embodied in his notion of the Jews´State. Herzl´s alleged return to Judaism and his often-ignored ideas on social and political issues best demonstrate the consistency of his ideological viewpoint.