The Neolithisation and the first agricultural societies in Southeast Europe are under constant discussions. Besides numerous data on the earliest farming settlements in this region, still there are debates on the directions and chronology of the dispersion of such significant economic and social process. Many proposed the diffusion of agriculture was initially introduced from Asia Minor to southern parts of Greece or eastern areas of Bulgaria, but there is not much written on how this process further progressed towards Macedonia. This region is still insufficiently explored to be thoroughly incorporated into the studies of Neolithisation in the Balkans, but however the modest research provided substantial data in order to propose the emergence of first agricultural societies in the Early Neolithic. Therefore this paper will incorporate the current knowledge on the initial Neolithic stages in Macedonia and how it was manifested within material culture, economy, rituals and social features specific for the farming communities in this region. In regard to vivid pottery patterns and abundance of human representations it will be proposed as well that the Neolithisation also involved a variety of symbolic processes. and Neolitizace a první zemědělské společnosti v jihovýchodní Evropě jsou předmětem stálých diskusí. Kromě četných dat o prvních zemědělských osadách v této oblasti se diskutují směry a chronologie šíření tohoto významného ekonomického a společenského procesu. Mnoho badatelů zastává názor, že zemědělství se nejdříve šířilo z Malé Asie do jižních částí Řecka nebo východních oblastí Bulharska, ale o tom, jak tento proces pokračoval do Makedonie, nebylo mnoho napsáno. Tato oblast je stále nedostatečně prozkoumaná na to, aby ji bylo možno plně začlenit do studií neolitizace Balkánu, nicméně stávající výzkum poskytl dostatek dat k předpokladu výskytu prvních zemědělských společností v časném neolitu. Tento článek shrnuje stávající znalosti o časném neolitu Makedonie a o jeho projevech v materiální kultuře, hospodářství, rituálech a společenských rysech specifických pro zemědělská společenství v této oblasti. S ohledem na živé vzory keramiky a hojnost znázornění lidí se také předpokládá, že neolitizace zahrnovala i celou řadu symbolických procesů.
Let $G$ be a connected, undirected graph without loops and without multiple edges. For a pair of distinct vertices $u$ and $v$, a minimum $\{u,v\}$-separating set is a smallest set of edges in $G$ whose removal disconnects $u$ and $v$. The edge connectivity of $G$, denoted $\lambda (G)$, is defined to be the minimum cardinality of a minimum $\{u,v\}$-separating set as $u$ and $v$ range over all pairs of distinct vertices in $G$. We introduce and investigate the eavesdropping number, denoted $\varepsilon (G)$, which is defined to be the maximum cardinality of a minimum $\{u,v\}$-separating set as $u$ and $v$ range over all pairs of distinct vertices in $G$. Results are presented for regular graphs and maximally locally connected graphs, as well as for a number of common families of graphs.
Livestock guarding dogs (LGDs) are used across the world to reduce livestock depredation by free-ranging predatory wildlife. In doing so, they reduce the need for lethal predator control and are considered beneficial for conservation. However, LGDs might be perceived as predators by wildlife and induce a multitude of both positive and negative ecological effects. We conducted a literature review to evaluate the ecological effects of LGDs and found 56 publications reporting LGDs interacting with or affecting wildlife. Featuring in 77% of the publications, LGDs were widely reported to chase and kill wildlife, leading to species-specific behavioural responses. A total of 80 species were affected by LGDs, 11 of which are listed as Near Threatened or higher on the IUCN Red List. Of the affected species, 78% were non-target species, suggesting that any benefits arising from the use of LGDs likely occur simultaneously with unintended ecological effects. However, the frequency of LGD-wildlife interactions and the magnitude of any resulting ecological effects have rarely been quantified. Therefore, more empirical studies are needed to determine the net ecological outcome of LGD use, thereby ensuring that negative outcomes are minimised, while benefiting both farmers and wildlife.
In communications network design, network's stability is a very important concept. A network has to be constructed as possible as stable since the stability of a network shows its resistance to vulnerability. Many science and engineering problems can be represented by a network, generalization of which is a graph. Examples of problems that can be represented by a graph include: cyclic sequential circuit, organic molecule structures, mechanical structures, etc. So, a graph can be considered as a model of a communication network. Then, the notions of the graph theory can be used for the stability of a network. In the graph theory, deterministic measures of the stability are used for some parameters of graphs as connectivity, covering number, independence number and dominating number. Then, the stability of a network is defined with deterministic calculation. Today, these parameters take into consideration the neighborhood notion. Now, we consider an edge-accessibility number of a graph. Edge-accessibility is a notion which uses the neighborhood of edges (links). In this paper; we search the edge-accessibility number of a graph. We also give some theorems about the edge-accessibility using the graph operations and design an algorithm which found it with Time Complexity O(n3).
(-)-Linalool is the major floral scent occurring mainly in families
Lamiaceae, Lauraceae and Rutaceae and is the main active compound of lavender oil. The purpose of this study was to reveal the influence of subchronic systemic treatment with (-)-linalool on the metabolic activity of CYP2A, 2B, 2C6, 2C11 and 3A in rat liver microsomes (RLM). The second aim was to reveal possible inhibitory effect of (-)-linalool on CYP2C6
in vitro. Wistar albino male rats were treated with (-)-linalool intragastrically at the doses of 40, 120, and 360 mg/kg/day for 13 days. Treatment with (-)-linalool at the dose of 360mg/kg increased the metabolic activity of CYP2A assessed with testosterone as a probe substrate. (-)-Linalool showed weak competitive inhibition of CYP2C6 in rat liver microsomes, with IC50 of 84μM with use of diclofenac as a probe substrate.