The solution of the weak Neumann problem for the Laplace equation with a distribution as a boundary condition is studied on a general open set $G$ in the Euclidean space. It is shown that the solution of the problem is the sum of a constant and the Newtonian potential corresponding to a distribution with finite energy supported on $\partial G$. If we look for a solution of the problem in this form we get a bounded linear operator. Under mild assumptions on $G$ a necessary and sufficient condition for the solvability of the problem is given and the solution is constructed.
The paper considers the mixture of randomness and fuzziness in a binary tree classifier. This model of classification is based on fuzzy observations, the randomness of classes and the Bayes rule. In this work, we present a new upper bound on the probability of error in a binary tree classifier. The obtained error for fuzzy observations is compared with the case when observations are not fuzzy, as a difference of errors. Additionally, the obtained results are compared with the bound on the probability of error based on information energy of fuzzy events. For interior nodes of decision tree, the new bound is twice as precise as the bound based on information energy.
The present definition of U.T.1 is a complex one which introduces the old concept of the ”Fictitious Mean Sun” which has been
suggested by Newcomb (1895). The conventional right ascension of the Fictitious Mean Sun brings the basic relationship between Sidereal Time, arising directly from observations, and U.T.1, as it is internationally adopted. Unfortunately, this basic relationship needs some effort of understanding for the common user. It is the reason
why B. Guinot (1979) proposed to adopt another point instead of the vernal equinox on the celestial equator, that he called the
‘non-rotating origin σ’. This point obeys to a clear kinematical
concept. Moreover, it should bring a new conceptual definition of U.T.1 very easy to understand. The position of σ on the celestial sphere can be easily determined by the Eulerian angles ψ and θ which are positionning the instantaneous axis of rotation of the Earth relatively to an inertial plane of reference. It can also be realized by the way of a quantity 's’ depending on the only motion
of the instantaneous equator. Formulation and developpement of ‘s’ are successively given.
Regulatory T cells (Treg) are a specialized subpopulation of T cells that act to suppress inadequate immune response. Psoriasis is recognized as a T -cell driven immune-mediated systemic inflammatory disease with skin manifestation. Effective therapeutical approach to treat psoriasis is Goeckerman therapy (GT ). The aim of this study was to compare the number of Treg in the peripheral blood of 27 psoriatic patients and 19 controls and to evaluate the influence of GT on Treg population in peripheral blood of patients with psoriasis. There was no significant difference in the relative number of Treg cells in the peripheral blood of healthy blood donors and patients with psoriasis before initiation of GT (P = 0.2668). In contrary, the relative number of Treg cells in peripheral blood of patients with psoriasis after GT was significantly higher than those found in healthy blood donors (P = 0.0019). Moreover, the relative number of Treg is significantly increased in psoriatic patients after Goeckerman therapy compared to the pre-treatment level (P = 0.0042). In conclusion, this significant increase in Treg count after GT is probably associated with amelioration of inflammation by GT , as disease activity expressed as PASI decreased in our patients by GT (P = 0.0001)., Kateřina Kondělková, Doris Vokurková, Jan Krejsek, Lenka Borská, Zdeněk Fiala, Květa Hamáková, Ctirad Andrýs, and Literatura 39
Simultaneous photographic observations in Hα, and photoelectric observations in Hel γ 10830 line are analyzed for two flares of importance sf and 1B. For the estimation of physical conditions in the chromosphere of flares the non-LTE calculations of the Hα and γ 10830 line profiles were made for a number of model atmospheres. Comparing the observed values of Hα and γ 10830 line intensities vvith calculated ones, we derived the temperature
changes during the development of active formations for two levels of chromosphere (Ihe levels of Hα and γ 10830 line formation).
Specific associations between species frequently occur in ecological interactions. The aim of this study was to determine the preferences of anthomyiid flies of the genus Botanophila for particular species of fungi as sites for laying eggs and as food for both larvae and adults. The associations of their eggs, larvae and flies with the stromata of different species of Epichloë fungi infecting 7 species of grass in Poland were analyzed. Scanning electron microscopy of the surface of their eggs and an analysis of the genetic sequences of their mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase (COII) were used to identify the taxa of the flies studied. Three types of eggs were distinguished based on their shape, colour and the presence of dorsal folds and sculpturing on the shells. Tentatively, these eggs were assigned to the following species: B. laterella, B. phrenione, B. dissecta and B. lobata. COII sequences obtained from larvae that hatched from two of the types of eggs formed three distinct clades associated with the reference sequences for Botanophila phrenione, B. lobata (new to the fauna of Poland) and a putative species, “Taxon 1”. Only one of these flies (B. lobata) was restricted to a single species of Epichloë (E. bromicola on Elymus repens); B. phrenione was recorded mainly from E. typhina infecting three different species of grass. The results of this study confirm that there is not a close species specific association between this fungus and this insect., Marlena Lembicz ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
A short-winged morph, whose occurrence is controlled by a simple recessive Mendelian unit, was recently discovered in Locusta migratoria. The existence of trade-offs between flight capability associated with wing length and other fitness-related traits are often documented for insects. The present study investigated the evolutionary significance of the short-winged and long-winged morphs of this locust using two laboratory strains showing wing dimorphism. The life-history traits examined included nymphal development, adult body weight, percentage adult survival, age at first reproduction, egg production and hatchling body weight. The results indicate that there are no consistent morph-specific differences in any of these traits. Of the several possibilities considered, the most likely is that the short-winged morph of this locust is an aberration or represents an initial stage in the evolution of this species., Yudai Nishide, Seiji Tanaka., and Obsahuje seznam literatury