The proposal of state budget is based on the medium-term outlook and expenditure framework,which are adopted in the year preceding the year for which the budget is drawn up. Draft documents are presentedby the Ministry of Finance to the government for approval. Consideration of the legislation is entrustedto the Chamber of Deputies. During the approval procedure, the State Budget Act undergoes three readingsand after its approval it represents basis for state’s management in a given year. The public expenses are representednot only by the budgetary expenses, but also by the expenses of state funds, expenses of regional administrativeunits, or expenses of other public entities. Management of public funds is connected to problemsof indebtedness that are being solved in different ways and should be solved through a special legislationgoverning budgetary responsibility in the future.
An excessive, irritable, productive or non-productive coughing
associated with airway inflammation belongs to pathological
cough. Increased activation of airway vagal nociceptors in
pathological conditions results from dysregulation of the neural
pathway that controls cough. A variety of mediators associated
with airway inflammation overstimulate these vagal airway fibers
including C-fibers leading to hypersensitivity and hyperreactivity.
Because current antitussives have limited efficacy and unwanted
side effects there is a continual demand for the development of
a novel more effective antitussives for a new efficacious and safe
cough treatment. Therefore, inhibiting the activity of these vagal
C-fibers represents a rational approach to the development of
effective antitussive drugs. This may be achieved by blocking
inflammatory mediator receptors or by blocking the generator
potential associated with the specific ion channels. Because
voltage-gated sodium channels (NaVs) are absolutely required for
action potentials initiation and conduction irrespective of the
stimulus, NaVs become a promising neural target. There is
evidence that NaV1.7, 1.8 and 1.9 subtypes are predominantly
expressed in airway cough-triggering nerves. The advantage of
blocking these NaVs is suppressing C-fiber irrespective to stimuli,
but the disadvantage is that by suppressing the nerves is may
also block beneficial sensations and neuronal reflex behavior. The
concept is that new antitussive drugs would have the benefit of
targeting peripheral airway nociceptors without inhibiting the
protective cough reflex.
The Purpose of this study is to demonstrate the effectiveness of combined treatment for III AB stage of nonsmallcell lung cancer. Nonsmallcell lung cancer spread form treatment is disputable. Operation is not final solution. The combined treatment is being tested (in clinical trials) in this study. This article argues that a combination of treatment is a better option than that of a specific treatment. However, there is a need to find new effective options for combined treatment., Akhat Bukenov, Elena Gizbrekht, Ergaly Shauenov, Bekzhan Orazbayev, Kalmurat Razzakov, and Literatura
A survey of the species of the Proteocephalus-aggregate from sticklebacks (Actinopterygii: Gasterosteidae) is provided. The occurrence of three species in North America is confirmed: (i) Proteocephalus filicollis (Rudolphi, 1802), which has been reported from the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus, in the northeastern part of North America (Newfoundland); (ii) Proteocephalus pugetensis Hoff et Hoff, 1929 occurs also in G. aculeatus, but in northwestern North America (British Columbia and Washington); and (iii) Proteocephalus culaeae sp. n., which is described from the brook stickleback, Culaea inconstans (Kirtland), in Manitoba (Canada). Another species, Proteocephalus ambiguus (Dujardin, 1845), a specific parasite of the nine-spined stickleback, Pungitius pungitius (Linnaeus), and type species of the genus, has also been found in North America (Alberta, Canada), but its vouchers are in poor condition and cannot be reliable assigned to this species. Both species reported from three-spined stickleback differ from each other by the shape of the scolex (rounded in P. filicollis versus continuously tapered towards the anterior extremity in P. pugetensis) and the apical sucker (widely oval to subspherical in frontal view in P. filicollis versus flattened in P. pugetensis). Proteocephalus culaeae sp. n. is characterised by a short body composed of a few, continuously widened proglottids, a short scolex narrower than the strobila and devoid of an apical sucker, a short, pyriform cirrus sac, no vaginal sphincter, and few testes. A key to species of the Proteocephalus-aggregate from sticklebacks is provided.
The angelology found in the Hị kmat al-ishrāq of Shihāb al-Dīn al-Suhrawardī al-Maqtūl (d. 1191) has been the source of much debate. In many of his studies of Suhrawardian philosophy, Henry Corbin stresses the Persian influence on al-Suhrawardī’s thought, especially Suhrawardian angelology. Al-Suhrawardī does refer to Zoroastrianism in his introduction to the Hị kmat al-ishrāq, but to what extent is his angelology Zoroastrian? Does the use of Zoroastrian terminology and vocabulary mean that the angelology is Zoroastrian? This paper will explore Suhrawardian angelology, attempting to place it in context and to assess its provenance. It will be seen that the potential influences on his angelology are far wider than scholars, such as Corbin, have suggested in the past. Although focusing on al-Suhrawardī’s Hị kmat al-ishrāq, his use of angels in his other works will also be considered.
The developed and tested part of the scalable benchmark code, the
Pythagorean triples core, has been applied to the platform system of a scalable number of processors. The measurement has been performed on the system cluster consisting of 16 Pentium CPUs. The number of nodes of selected subclusters of an equivalent or a different performance of CPUs is scaled by the factor of 2. The core has been running in different conditions (homogeneous subcluster, heterogeneous subcluster, computationally free nodes and/or occupied nodes, etc.). A group of four measurements of the scalable number of processors has been selected and displayed in four characteristic blocks of the elapsed time Windows comparable with those of the previous paper. The characteristic exponential curves fit well to the measured points under the normal conditions of task run. The maximum deviations of the two exponential parameters in all presented cases do not exceed 5 percent.
The paper reviews existing data on the food quality of cereal aphids for generalist predators. Data are presented for spiders, harvestmen, carabid and staphylinid beetles, cockroaches, ants and one species of bird. All results agree that cereal aphids are low-quality food compared to alternative prey types (in most studies fruit flies). This is associated both with a low consumption capacity for aphids and a low utilization efficiency of the aphid food. A pure aphid diet allows full juvenile development in only a few species. Aphids as part of mixed diets can have negative, neutral or positive effects, which depends on the quality of the remaining diet. The low consumption capacity for aphids is due to the development of a specific feeding aversion. Genetic variation in the ability to tolerate aphids has been documented, indicating that predators may be able to adapt to a higher proportion of aphids in the diet in areas where outbreaks are frequent. A consequence of these findings is that predator populations rely on alternative prey (e.g. Collembola and Diptera) for maintenance and reproduction, and are probably unable to benefit nutritionally from an aphid outbreak. The low food quality of aphids to generalist predators explains why generalist and specialist predators have widely different roles in aphid biocontrol, but does not rule out that under some conditions the generalists may be able to inhibit aphid population growth sufficiently to prevent an outbreak, as field experiments have indicated. Simulation modelling shows that a low consumption capacity for aphids has little influence on the ability to prevent aphid population increase at low aphid immigration rates, but a great influence at high aphid immigration rates. Modelling also indicates that there may be an optimal availability of high-quality alternative prey that maximizes the impact of generalist predators on aphid population growth.