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475053. Thoughtful brutes

Creator:
Hříbek, Tomáš
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Donald Davidson, John Searle, animal minds, semantic holism, de re/ de dicto, triangulation, non-propositional thought, zvířecí mysl, de re / de dicto, neprojektivní myšlení, sémantický holismus, and triangulace
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Donald Davidson and John Searle famously differ, among other things, on the issue of animal thoughts. Davidson seems to be a latter-day Cartesian, denying any propositional thought to subhuman animals, while Searle seems to follow Hume in claiming that if we have thoughts, then animals do, too. Davidson’s argument centers on the idea that language is necessary for thought, which Searle rejects. The paper argues two things. Firstly, Searle eventually argues that much of a more complex thought does depend on language, which reduces a distance between himself and Davidson. Secondly, some of Davidson’s suggestions are promising - in particular the idea that we may lack a vocabulary to capture the contents of animal thoughts. Based on this insight, one might, pace Davidson, grant thoughts to animals. However, this does not mean, pace Searle, that it should be possible to construe even the simplest of such thoughts as propositional. Perhaps we need to move beyond Davidson and Searle by developing a theory of non-propositional thought for animals., Donald Davidson a John Searle se skvěle liší, mimo jiné, v otázce zvířecích myšlenek. Zdá se, že Davidson je karteziánem posledního dne, který popírá jakékoli výrokové myšlenky subhumánním zvířatům, zatímco Searle se zdá, že následuje Humea, když tvrdí, že pokud máme myšlenky, tak i zvířata. Davidsonův argument se soustředí na myšlenku, že jazyk je nezbytný pro myšlenku, kterou Searle odmítá. Příspěvek argumentuje dvě věci. Za prvé, Searle nakonec argumentuje, že mnoho složitějších myšlenek závisí na jazyce, což snižuje vzdálenost mezi ním a Davidsonem. Za druhé, některé z Davidsonových návrhů jsou slibné - zejména myšlenka, že nám může chybět slovní zásoba, která by zachytila ​​obsah zvířecích myšlenek. Na základě tohoto vhledu, jedna síla, tempoDavidsoni, udělte myšlenky zvířatům. To však neznamená, že tempo Searle, že by mělo být možné vyložit i ty nejjednodušší takové myšlenky jako výrokové. Možná, že musíme jít za Davidsonem a Searlem tím, že vypracujeme teorii non-propozičního myšlení pro zvířata., and Tomáš Hříbek
Rights:
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475054. Three meanings and three assumptions of rationality of human action

Creator:
Horák, Vít
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
filozofie, philosophy, rationality, teleology, rhetoric of economics, Ludwig von Mises, 5, and 101
Language:
Czech
Description:
This text discusses the notion of rationality with respect to economics. First, it states the essential meanings of this notion and then goes on to the possibilities of rationality, which is a synonym for the effectiveness of human action. It distinguishes three types that may correspond to this meaning, where each type is unique and independent of the other two. In the end, it relates the presented typology to the work of Ludwig von Mises. His radical ap¬proach provides for good instruction of the sides of economic thought that I want to call attention to. Economics as a deductive science is interested in very strong assumptions about human action, and ambiguities about the notion of rationality provide for rhetorical tactics that can justify it. Elucidation of the notion and the presented typology of the meanings and assumptions of rationality should contribute to the revelation of these tactics. and Vít Horák.
Rights:
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475055. Three new genera of rhinebothriidean cestodes from stingrays in Southeast Asia

Creator:
Caira, Janine N, Healy, Claire J, Marques, Fernando P.L, and Jensen, Kirsten
Format:
print, počítač, and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
tasemnice, sladké vody, tapeworms, freshwater, taxonomy, Rhinebothriidea, Dasyatidae, batoids, new species, Anthocephaliidae, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
a1_Three genera of rhinebothriideans, previously referred to as New genus 1, New genus 2 and New genus 4, are erected in the the Anthocephaliidae. New genus 1 is established as Divaricobothrium gen. n., with Divaricobothrium tribelum sp. n. as its type species; Echeneibothrium trifidum Shipley et Hornell, 1906 is transferred to the genus as Divaricobothrium trifidum (Shipley et Hornell, 1906) comb. n. This genus is unique among rhinebothriidean genera in bearing bothridia that are posteriorly deeply divided into two lobes with facial loculi but no apical sucker, and a vagina that extends to near the anterior margin of the proglottid. Its species parasitise Indo-Pacific members of the genera Brevitrygon Last, Naylor et Manjaji-Matsumoto, Maculabatis Last, Naylor et Manjaji-Matsumoto and Pateobatis Last, Naylor et Manjaji-Matsumoto. New genus 2 is established as Barbeaucestus gen. n., with Barbeaucestus jockuschae sp. n. as its type species; Barbeaucestus ralickiae sp. n. is also described. Anthobothrium sexorchidum Williams, 1964 and Rhinebothrium shipleyi Southwell, 1912 are transferred to the genus as Barbeaucestus sexorchidus (Williams, 1964) comb. n. and Barbeaucestus shipleyi (Southwell, 1912) comb. n., respectively. This genus is unique among rhinebothriidean genera in that its bothridia are substantially wider than long, bear an apical sucker and at least one row of two or more facial loculi in their anterior half. Its species parasitise the genera Neotrygon Castelnau and Taeniura Müller et Henle. New genus 4 is established as Sungaicestus gen. n. with transfer of Rhinebothrium kinabatanganensis Healy, 2006, as Sungaicestus kinabatanganensis (Healy, 2006) comb. n., as its type species. Among the genera of its order, this genus most closely resembles Rhinebothrium Linton, 1890, however, despite the original description, the bothridia were found to bear, rather than lack, apical suckers., a2_This monotypic genus is known only from the freshwater stingray Urogymnus polylepis (Müller et Henle). The familial diagnosis of the Anthocephaliidae Ruhnke, Caira et Cox, 2015 is emended. The family now houses five genera., Janine N. Caira, Claire J. Healy, Fernando P.L. Marques, Kirsten Jensen., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
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475056. Three new species of acanthocephalans (Palaeacanthocephala) from marine fishes collected off the East Coast of South Africa

Creator:
Lisitsyna, Olga I, Kudlai, Olena, Cribb, Thomas H, and Smit, Nico J
Format:
print, počítač, and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
morfologie (biologie), DNA (nukleová kyselina), morphology (biology), deoxyribonucleic acid, Echinornhynchida, Transvena, Pararhadinorhynchus, Rhadinorhynchus, Sodwana Bay, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
a1_Three new species of acanthocephalans are described from marine fishes collected in Sodwana Bay, South Africa: Rhadinorhynchus gerberi n. sp. from Trachinotus botla (Shaw), Pararhadinorhynchus sodwanensis n. sp. from Pomadasys furcatus (Bloch et Schneider) and Transvena pichelinae n. sp. from Thalassoma purpureum (Forsskål). Transvena pichelinae n. sp. differs from the single existing species of the genus Transvena annulospinosa Pichelin et Cribb, 2001, by the lower number of longitudinal rows of hooks (10-12 vs 12-14, respectively) and fewer hooks in a row (5 vs 6-8), shorter blades of anterior hooks (55-63 vs 98), more posterior location of the ganglion (close to the posterior margin of the proboscis receptacle vs mid-level of the proboscis receptacle) and smaller eggs (50-58 × 13 µm vs 62-66 × 13-19 µm). Pararhadinorhynchus sodwanensis n. sp. differs from all known species of the genus by a combination of characters. It closely resembles unidentified species Pararhadinorhynchus sp. sensu Weaver and Smales (2014) in the presence of a similar number of longitudinal rows of hooks on the proboscis (16-18 vs 18) and hooks in a row (11-13 vs 13-14), but differs in the position of the lemnisci (extend to the level of the posterior end of the proboscis receptacle or slightly posterior vs extend to the mid-level of the receptacle), length of the proboscis receptacle (910-1180 µm vs 1,460 µm) and cement glands (870-880 µm vs 335-350 µm). Rhadinorhynchus gerberi n. sp. is distinguishable from all its congeners by a single field of 19-26 irregular circular rows of the tegumental spines on the anterior part of the trunk, 10 longitudinal rows of hooks on the proboscis with 29-32 hooks in each row, subterminal genital pore in both sexes, and distinct separation of the opening of the genital pore from the posterior edge of the trunk (240-480 μm) in females., a2_Sequences for the 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA and cox1 genes were generated to molecularly characterise the species and assess their phylogenetic position. This study provides the first report based on molecular evidence for the presence of species of Transvena Pichelin et Cribb, 2001 and Pararhadinorhynchus Johnston et Edmonds, 1947 in African coastal fishes., Olga I. Lisitsyna, Olena Kudlai, Thomas H. Cribb, Nico J. Smit., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
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475057. Three new species of Pseudodactylogyrus (Monogenea: Pseudodactylogyridae) from Australian eels

Creator:
Ogawa, Kazuo, Iwashita, Makoto, Hayward, Craig J, and Kurashima, Akira
Format:
electronic, počítač, and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
morfologie (biologie), fylogeneze, evoluce (biologie), morphology (biology), phylogeny, evolution (biology), taxonomy, ITS2 rDNA, Anguilla, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
Three species of Pseudodactylogyrus Gusev, 1965 (Monogenea: Pseudodactylogyridae) were collected from the gills of Anguilla reinhardtii Steindachner and A. australis Richardson from several localities in Australia and eels imported to Japan from Australia. Pseudodactylogyrus gusevi sp. n. from A. reinhardtii (type host) and A. australis in Queensland, Australia is most similar to P. bini (Kikuchi, 1929), but can be differentiated by the shorter male copulatory tube, heavy sclerotisation of the vaginal tube and the presence of a small projection of the supplementary piece of the hamulus. Pseudodactylogyrus rohdei sp. n. from A. australis (type host) in Queensland, Australia is most similar to P. anguillae (Yin et Sproston, 1948), but differs in the possession of a longer cement gland and the presence of a small projection on the supplementary piece of the hamulus. Pseudodactylogyrus bini sensu Gusev, 1965 and P. anguillae sensu Gusev, 1965 are synonymised with P. gusevi sp. n. and P. rohdei sp. n., respectively. Pseudodactylogyrus mundayi sp. n. from A. australis, originating in Tasmania, Australia and sent alive to Japan, is most similar to P. kamegaii Iwashita, Hirata et Ogawa, 2002, from which it can be discriminated by the shorter male copulatory tube and the shorter vaginal tube. Dactylogyrus bialatus Wu, Wang et Jian, 1988 from Synechogobius ommaturus (Richardson) (Gobiidae) is transferred to Pseudodactylogyrus as P. bialatus comb. n. A phylogenetic tree based on the ITS2 region of six species of Pseudodactylogyrus including P. gusevi and P. mundayi shows that P. haze from a goby diverged first, and that species from eels are monophyletic, forming three lineages differing by their zoogeographical distribution. With the three new species and one new combination proposed in this paper, Pseudodactylogyrus is now comprised of eight species infecting anguillid and gobiid fish, and a key to species is presented., Kazuo Ogawa, Makoto Iwashita, Craig J. Hayward, Akira Kurashima., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
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475059. Three social constructions of historic mobility

Creator:
Möser, Kurt
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
filozofie, philosophy, technology museum, historic objects, social construction of technology, mobility cultures, industrial culture, 5, and 101
Language:
Czech
Description:
The paper argues that serious museal restoration and exhibition of technological objects is competing with private collecting and company museums which have better access to funding. The social construction of artefacts as historic sources and as historic communication media is not exclusive and is seriously challenged by other public approaches to the history of technology. and Kurt Möser.
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