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Start Over Rights policy:public Subject Zoologie

312. Landscape structure affects activity density, body size and fecundity of Pardosa wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae) in winter oilseed rape

Creator:
Drapela, Thomas, Frank, Thomas, Heer, Xaver, Moser, Dietmar, and Zaller, Johann G.
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, entomologie, agroecology, Araneae, Lycosidae, Pardosa agrestis, generalist predator, Brassica napus, oilseed rape, landscape, multiple spatial scales, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
In large parts of Europe Pardosa spp. (Lycosidae) are among the most abundant wolf spiders in arable fields and potentially important natural control agents of pests. We studied the influence of landscape factors on activity density, adult body size and fecundity of P. agrestis in 29 winter oilseed rape fields (Brassica napus L.) in Eastern Austria using pitfall traps. Landscape data were obtained for eight circular landscape sections around each field (radii 250-2000 m). Multivariate regression models were used to analyze the data. Activity density was highest when the length of strips of grassy road-sides in the surroundings was highest and distance to the next grassy fallow lowest. Body size was negatively related to activity density and to the length of road-side strips and positively to woody areas in the vicinity of the fields. Clutch size was unrelated to any of the landscape factors tested but was positively correlated with female body size. Woody areas and grassy fallow in the close vicinity of the fields had a positive influence on number of offspring per female and total number of offspring. These results indicate that various non-crop components in the landscape surrounding oilseed rape fields can specifically influence the activity density and fitness-related traits of P. agrestis in crops. The possible role of Pardosa spp. in natural pest control is discussed. and Thomas Drapela, Thomas Frank, Xaver Heer, Dietmar Moser, Johann G. Zaller.
Rights:
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313. Larval crowding leads to unusual reaction norms for size and time at maturity in a geometrid moth (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

Creator:
Vellau, Helen and Tammaru, Toomas
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Lepidoptera, Geometridae, reaction norm, larval crowding, size and time at maturity, Ematurga atomaria, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
The theory of life history evolution generally predicts a negative across-environment correlation between development time and size at maturity in response to variations in environmental quality. Deviations from this pattern occur under specific circumstances. In particular, organisms may mature both early and at a small size when (1) some ultimate change (e.g. time constraint, resource exhaustion) in the environment precludes further growth, or (2) when there are predictable among-environment differences in mortality rates. The first scenario is frequently documented in insects but evidence for the second possibility is scarce. Here we report a crowding-induced plastic response resulting in a clear positive across-environment correlation between final weight and development time in a geometrid moth. The response was apparent during the entire larval period and in the last larval instar. Crowding also led to increased growth rates. As outbreaks have not been reported for this species it is unlikely that early pupation is a response to anticipated food shortage. Instead, we suggest that crowded larvae may perceive a higher risk of predation, perhaps because they are unable to distinguish conspecifics from potential predators. A possibility for a plastic increase in growth rate implies that the uncrowded larvae grow at submaximal rates, which indicates a cost of high growth rate., Helen Vellau, Toomas Tammaru., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Rights:
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314. Larval descriptions of five Oriental bamboo-inhabiting Acroceratitis species (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) with notes on their biology

Creator:
Schneider, Alexander, Kovac, Damir, Steck, Gary J, and Freidberg, Amnon
Format:
print, počítač, and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, vrtulovití, housenice, morfologie (biologie), biologie, lipnicovité, bambus, Tephritidae, larvae, morphology (biology), biology, Poaceae, Bamboo, Thajsko, Thailand, Gastrozonini, Acroceratitis, first description, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
Third instar larvae of the genus Acroceratitis Hendel from North Thailand are described for the first time. They belong to A. ceratitina (Bezzi), A. distincta (Zia), A. histrionica (de Meijere), A. incompleta Hardy, and A. septemmaculata Hardy. Short descriptions of eggs, empty egg shells, and puparia are also presented. Acroceratitis larvae infest shoots of bamboo (Poaceae). Larval host plants of the studied species are Bambusa polymorpha Munro, Cephalostachyum pergracile Munro, Dendrocalamus hamiltoni Nees and Arnott ex Munro, D. strictus (Roxbourgh), Dendrocalamus sp. (unidentified) and Pseudoxytenanthera albociliata (Munro). The morphological characters of Acroceratitis larvae are compared with those of other Gastrozonini described so far. A key to Acroceratitis larvae is provided. Acroceratitis ceratitina, A. incompleta and A. septemmaculata are morphologically similar and clearly differentiated from A. distincta and A. histrionica by the lack of additional papillar sensilla on the labial lobe, the arrangement of the spinules on the creeping welts and other characters. The morphological differences between the two groups coincide with the type of substrate utilized by their larvae: A. ceratitina, A. incompleta and A. septemmaculata larvae feed in young and soft internode walls, while A. distincta and A. histrionica utilize harder bamboo tissue of already elongated bamboo shoot internodes. Acroceratitis histrionica larvae are special within the Gastrozonini, because they develop exclusively in cavities formed by the internode surface and the protecting culm sheath. Factors influencing spatial utilization of larval resources, preference for upright shoots as breeding substrate, larval behavior, types of bamboo damage caused by different species and attraction to sweat and urine in the adults are discussed., Alexander Schneider, Damir Kovac, Gary J. Steck, Amnon Freidberg., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
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315. Larval morphology of Scydmaenus tarsatus and S. hellwigii, with notes on feeding behaviour and a review of the bibliography on the preimaginal stages of ant-like stone beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae)

Creator:
Jaloszynsky, Pawel and Kilian, Aleksandra
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae, Scydmaenini, Scydmaenus, Palaearctic, larval morphology, behaviour, feeding, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
Morphology of mature larvae of two Central European species of Scydmaenus Latreille is described and illustrated: S. (s. str.) tarsatus Müller & Kunze and S. (Cholerus) hellwigii (Herbst). Inaccuracies in previous descriptions of S. tarsatus are discussed and the following combination of characters is defined as diagnostic for Scydmaenus: epicranial sutures reaching posteromedian margins of antennal insertions; presence of a single pair of stemmata and epicranial supraantennal pits; anterior row of subtriangular teeth on epipharynx; mandibles falciform and without mesal teeth; antennomere 3 rudimentary; antennal sensory appendage subconical and asymmetrical; maxilla with galea and lacinia; labium strongly constricted between mentum and prementum; thoracic tergites undivided along midline; head capsule, thoracic tergites, laterotergites and abdominal segments except sternite 1 densely setose; thoracic sternites and abdominal sternite1 largely asetose; and lack of urogomphi. We also describe the feeding behaviour of immature S. tarsatus and demonstrate for the first time that Scydmaeninae larvae can feed on live springtails and not armoured mites. In the introduction we provide a summary of the literature on all hitherto known preimaginal stages of Scydmaeninae., Pawel Jaloszynski, Aleksandra Kilian., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Rights:
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316. Life cycle and growth pattern of the endangered myrmecophilous Microdon myrmicae (Diptera: Syrphidae)

Creator:
Witek, Magdalena, Canterino, Sara, Balletto, Emilio, and Bonelli, Simona
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Syrphidae, hoverflies, Microdon myrmicae, ants, Myrmica, Maculinea, social parasites, larval ecology, polymorphic growth, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
In Europe there are only a few species of the syrphid fly Microdon, which live in the nests of various genera of ants. For most of these rare flies, details of their biology, larval behaviour and relationships with their hosts are still not yet well known. In this paper we present data on the life cycle, feeding behaviour and growth pattern of Microdon myrmicae, a social parasite of Myrmica ants and compare it with two species of Maculinea butterflies similarly parasitizing Myrmica ant colonies. M. myrmicae has three larval instars and overwinters as a third instar. Eggs and 1st instar larvae are ignored by ants, which indicate that they are “chemically insignificant”. 2nd and 3rd instar larvae feed on small ant brood. M.myrmicae larvae grow rapidly from May to July and later in the year the host colony only serves as shelter for overwintering. Like Maculinea alcon, larvae of M. myrmicae are numerous in Myrmica nests and more numerous than those of Maculinea teleius. Since the larvae of Microdon feed on an abundance of young ant brood, they experience low level of scramble competition and although many may develop in an ant’s nest they have probably little effect on host colony fitness., Magdalena Witek ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Rights:
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317. Life in two dimensions or keeping your head down: lateral exuvial splits in leaf-mining larvae of Pachyschelus (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) and Cameraria (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)

Creator:
Grebennikov, Vasily V.
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Leaf-mining, moult, exuviae, larvae, Buprestidae, Pachyschelus, Gracillariidae, Cameraria, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
This paper describes previously unreported lateral cuticle splits occurring during the moulting of larvae of the leaf-miners Pachyschelus laevigatus (Say, 1839) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) and Cameraria sp. (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). In these species the cuticle does not split dorsally during the larval/larval moults as in most insects, but laterally, thus permitting the larva to leave its exuviae sideways rather than vertically. This previously overlooked phenomenon is hypothesized to have evolved independently in both taxa and is an adaptation to life in the vertically limited space of their mines and, therefore, might be found in other organisms confined to similar conditions. The exuvial split in the larva to pupa moult of Cameraria sp. taking place inside a relatively tick and firm cocoon is, however, of the regular dorso-medial type, and, therefore, two different successive types of moult occur within a single ontogenesis. For comparative purposes the common dorsal exuvial split is described and illustrated for the leaf-mining larvae of Profenusa alumna (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), Sumitrosis rosea (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and the free-living Satonius fui (Coleoptera: Torridincolidae)., Vasily V. Grebennikov., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Rights:
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318. Life-history constraints in inaccurate Batesian myrmecomorphic spiders (Araneae: Corinnidae, Gnaphosidae)

Creator:
Stanislav Pekár and Jarab, Martin
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, entomologie, Formicidae, prey, trophic niche, clutch size, copulation, courtship, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
Accurate Batesian mimicry is known to impose constraints on some traits of the mimic, such as foraging or reproductive behaviour. It is not known whether life-history traits of inaccurate Batesian mimics are constrained as well. We studied selected life-history traits of three spider species, Liophrurillus flavitarsis, Phrurolithus festivus (both Corinnidae), and Micaria sociabilis (Gnaphosidae), that are inaccurate mimics of ants. Namely, we were interested in how myrmecomorphy (ant-like resemblance) constrains their circadian activity, trophic niche and reproductive behaviour. The spiders were found to have diurnal activity like their models, whereas their close relatives have nocturnal activity. The three mimics do not catch ants, nor do they use food resources of ants, but catch various tiny invertebrates that occur in the vicinity of their models. Their trophic niche seems to be constrained by occurrence among ants. Absence of courtship and long lasting copulation, in a position that does not provide protective resemblance, do not seem to be constrained by mimicry in the three species. Comparative analysis of fecundity in mimetic and non-mimetic spiders showed that clutch size is also not constrained. Unlike in accurate mimics, life-history traits of inaccurate myrmecomorphs appear not to be constrained. and Stano Pekár, Martin Jarab.
Rights:
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