The effects of environmental salinity on physiological responses, growth, and survival of the Gulf corvina, C. othonopterus, were evaluated in a 6-week completely randomized design experiment. Corvina (17.2±2.3 g mean initial body weight) were subjected to salinities of 5, 15, 25, and 35 ‰ and fed a commercial feed with protein and lipid contents of 46 and 14 %, respectively. Plasma osmolality increased significantly with salinity, ranging from 335.1±5.3 mOsm/kg in fish maintained at 5 ‰, to 354.8±6.8 mOsm/kg in fish kept in seawater, while a significant inverse relationship was observed between salinity and moisture content of whole fish, ranging from 73.8±0.7 (measured at 5 ‰) to 76.9±1.0 % (measured at 35 ‰). In spite of this, growth indices (final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, condition factor, survival) were not altered, suggesting that, like other members of the family Sciaenidae, the Gulf corvina is a strong osmoregulator. The isosmotic point for this species was estimated to correspond to a salinity of 9.8 ‰. The present study represents the first set of experimental data on salinity tolerance of C. othonopterus and confirms the euryhalinity of this species., M. Perez-Velazquez, P. Urquidez-Bejarano, M. L. González-Félix, C. Minjarez-Osorio., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence and time-course of apoptosis in soleus skeletal muscle during the first 48 hours of unloading. Fifty Charles River mice were randomly divided into five groups (n=10 each) according to the time of hindlimb suspension (HS). Mice we re suspended for 0 (Control), 6 (6HS), 12 (12HS), 24 (24HS), and 48 hours (48HS). Soleus muscle atrophy was confirmed by a significant decrease of 20 % in muscle-wet weight and of 5 % in the ratio protein concentration/muscle wet-weight observed after 48 hours of unloading. The apoptotic index, the AIF (apoptosis-inducing factor) and p53 expression presented th eir uppermost value (304 %, 241 % and 246 %, respectively) at 24HS, and were preceded by the highest activity of caspase-3 and -8 at 12HS (170 % and 218 %, respectively) and of Bax/Bcl-2 content at 6HS (160 %). There were no marked ultrastructural alterations until 24 hours of simulated weightlessness. Lysosomal autophagic activity and infiltration of phagocytic cells were observed at 24HS and 48HS and might have contributed to the degenerative changes noticed in both groups. Though not consistently supported by morphological evidences, the biochemical parameters sustain the concept that the occurrence of apoptosis parallels the soleus atrophic response in its early phase., R. Ferreira, M. J. Neuparth, R. Vittorino, H. J. Appell, F. Amado, J. A. Duarte., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) display considerable phenotype plasticity which can be studied in vivo on vascular remodeling which occurs during acute or chronic vascular injury. In differentiated cells, which represent contractile phenotype, there are characteristic rapid transient changes of intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), while the resting cytosolic [Ca2+]i concentration is low. It is mainly caused by two components of the Ca2+ signaling pathways: Ca2+ entry via L-type voltagedependent Ca2+ channels and dynamic involvement of intracellular stores. Proliferative VSMC phenotype is characterized by long-lasting [Ca2+]i oscillations accompanied by sustained elevation of basal [Ca2+]i. During the switch from contractile to proliferative phenotype there is a general transition from voltagedependent Ca2+ entry to voltage-independent Ca2+ entry into the cell. These changes are due to the altered gene expression which is dependent on specific transcription factors activated by various stimuli. It is an open question whether abnormal VSMC phenotype reported in rats with genetic hypertension (such as spontaneously hypertensive rats) might be partially caused by a shift from contractile to proliferative VSMC phenotype., E. Misárková, M. Behuliak, M. Bencze, J. Zicha., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The effects of Lathyrus sativus neurotoxin were studied on the cell membrane potential and cellular cation composition in Retzius nerve cells of the leech Haemopis sanguisuga, with ion-selective microelectrodes using liquid ion-exchangers. Bath application of 10-4 mol/l Lathyrus sativus neurotoxin for 3 min depolarized the cell membrane potential and decreased the input resistance of directly polarized membrane in Retzius neurons. At the same time the cellular Na+ activity increased and cellular K+ activity decreased with slow but complete recovery, while the intracellular Ca2+ concentration was not changed. Na+-free Ringer solutions inhibited the depolarizing effect of the neurotoxin on the cell membrane potential. Zero-Ca2+ Ringer solution or Ni2+-Ringer solution had no influence on the depolarizing effect of the neurotoxin on the cell membrane potential. It is obvious that the increase in membrane conductance and depolarization of the cell membrane potential are due to an influx of Na+ into the cell accompanied by an efflux of K+ from the cell., D. Cemerikić, V. Nedeljkov, S. Lopičić, S. Dragović, B. Beleslin., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Monophasic action potential (MAP) can be recorded from the heart surface by optical method based on fluorescence measurement. The motion of isolated heart during experiment caused additional noise in recorded signal. The motion artifact can be eliminated by ratiometric fluorescence emission measurements. This study is based on experiments in which optical MAP measurement is done by single-wavelength and dualwavelength measurement of fluorescence emission. Both recording setups are presented and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. MAPs recorded by both methods from isolated rabbit hearts perfused according to Langendorff are presented. Simultaneous electrograms (EG) and MAPs recording are analyzed and measurement of velocity of impulse conduction through heart tissue is presented., J. Kolářová ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Accumulation of adipose tissue in lower body lowers risk of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. The molecular basis of this protective effect of gluteofemoral depot is not clear. The aim of this study was to compare the profile of expression of inflammation-related genes in su bcutaneous gluteal (sGAT) and abdominal (sAAT) adipose tissue at baseline and in response to multiphase weight-reducing dietary intervention (DI). 14 premenopausal healthy obese women underwent a 6 months’ DI consisting of 1 month very-low-calorie-diet (VLCD), subsequent 2 months’ low-calori e-diet and 3 months’ weight maintenance diet (WM). Paired samples of sGAT and sAAT were obtained before and at the end of VLCD and WM periods. mRNA expression of 17 genes (macrophage markers, cytokines) was measured using RT-qPCR on chip-platform. At baseline, there were no differences in gene expression of macrophage markers and cytokines between sGAT and sAAT. The dynamic changes induced by DI were similar in both depots for all genes except for three cytokines (IL6, IL10, CCL2) that differed in their response during weight maintenance phase. The results show that, in obese women, there are no major differences between sGAT and sAAT in expression of inflammation-related genes at baseline conditions and in response to the weight-reducing DI., L. Mališová ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Serotonin receptors have been found in several reproductive organs as well as in the central nervous system. Serotonin-binding sites have been demonstrated in duck ovarian follicles and the testis, hamster ovaries, human granulosa cells and mouse placenta. Local production of serotonin by the rat ovary, oviduct, uterus and testis has also been reported. We analyzed the expression of three types of serotonin receptors: 5-HT1B, 5-HT2C and 5-HT1D by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in mouse unfertilized oocytes and preimplantation embryos from zygotes to the blastocyst stage in vivo. Transcripts for 5-HT1B and 5-HT2C serotonin receptors were detected neither in unfertilized oocytes nor at any stages of in vivo developing preimplantation embryos. Serotonin 5-HT1D receptor mRNA was present in unfertilized oocytes, zygotes, 2-cell embryos, compacted morulae and in vivo produced expanded blatocysts. The expression of the mRNA 5-HT1D serotonin receptor was also detected in blastocysts cultured in vitro. When added to the culture medium, specific serotonin 5-HT1D agonist sumatriptan (1 μM) significantly inhibited the development of mouse embryos cultured in vitro. Demonstration of the expression of 5-HT1D serotonin receptor in mouse oocytes and preimplantation embryos supports the idea of a functional serotonin (5-HT1D) receptor in early mammalian development., J. Veselá, P. Rehák, J. Mihalik, S. Czikková, J. Pokorný, J. Koppel., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a polymorphic protein which occurs in three common isoforms and more than 25 rare variants. Some of the rare apoE variants have been implicated in a dominant mode of inheritance of familial dysbetalipoproteinemia (FD). We have identified three unrelated apoE 2*(Arg136®Cys) carriers with FD. This finding supports the notion that although apoE 2*(Arg136®Cys) mutation is perhaps not sufficient to cause FD itself, the presence of other genetic and/or environmental factors can lead to the phenotypic expression of the disease in the carriers., M. Vrablík, A. Hořínek, R. Češka, T. Štulc, T. Kvasnička., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) type 1, caused by a heterozygous inactivating mutation of the gene encoding the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), is characterized by mild to moderate hypercalcemia, hypocalciuria and inappropriately normal or elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH). FHH must be differentiated from primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) because parathyroidectomy is ineffective in the former. Herein, we report a 39-year-old male patient with a 13-year history of asymptomatic PTH-dependent hypercalcemia (mean calcium of 2.88 mmol/l; reference range 2.15-2.55 mmol/l) and calcium-tocreatinine clearance ratio (Ca/Cr) ranging from 0.007 to 0.0198, which is consistent with either FHH or PHPT. Although a family history of hypercalcemia was negative, and PET-CT with fluorocholine was suggestive of a parathyroid adenoma, genetic analysis of the CaSR gene identified a heterozygous inactivating mutation NM_000388.4:c.1670G>A p. (Gly557Glu) in exon 6 and a polymorphism NM_000388.4:c.1192G>A p. (Asp398Asn) in exon 4. The G557E mutation has been previously reported in a Japanese family in which all family members with the mutation had Ca/Cr below 0.01 consistent with FHH. The biochemical profile of FHH and PHPT may overlap. Our FHH patient with a G557E CaSR mutation illustrates that the differential diagnosis can be difficult in an index case with no family history, (false) positive parathyroid imaging and higher calciuria than expected for FHH. Calcium intake, vitamin D status and bone resorption might have contributed to the Ca/Cr variations over a 13-year clinical follow up. This case thus emphasizes the irreplaceable role of genetic testing of the CaSR gene when clinical evaluation is inconclusive., Kateřina Zajíčková, Marcela Dvořáková, Jitka Moravcová, Josef Včelák, David Goltzman., and Obsahuje bibliografii