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182. Behaviour and eating habits as determinants for human opisthorchiasis in the Bolsena Lake area, Italy

Creator:
Scaramozzino, Paola, Condoleo, Roberto, Martini, Enrica, Bossù, Teresa, Aquilani, Silvia, Spallucci, Valentina, Aquilini, Elisabetta, and Marozzi, Selene
Format:
print, počítač, and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
dotazníky, parazitologie, questionnaires, parasitology, Opisthorchis felineus, risk factors, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
In Italy, food-borne outbreaks of opisthorchiasis have occurred since 2003, all of them originating from some lakes in Central Italy where the only European liver fluke, Opisthorchis felineus (Rivolta, 1884) is endemic. The aim of the present study is to investigate the factors that may facilitate the life cycle of O. felineus in the area of Bolsena Lake, the knowledge of the local population about opisthorchiasis, and preventative healthcare measures. We performed a descriptive observational study through the submission of questionnaires to three target populations: fishermen who fish exclusively in Bolsena Lake, restaurateurs whose businesses are close to the lake and general population living in the province of Viterbo. Results showed hazardous behaviours and eating habits in the three target populations, as well as a poor knowledge of opisthorchiasis and preventative healthcare measures., Paola Scaramozzino, Roberto Condoleo, Enrica Martini, Teresa Bossù, Silvia Aquilani, Valentina Spallucci, Elisabetta Aquilini, Selene Marozzi., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

183. Behavioural and toxicological responses of Blattella germanica (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) to monoterpenes

Creator:
Alzogaray, Raúl A., Sfara, Valeria, Moretti, Ariadna N., and Zerba, Eduardo N.
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Dictyoptera, Blattellidae, Blattella germanica, German cockroach, locomotor activity, monoterpenes, repellency, knock-down, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
1_Certain monoterpenes produced by aromatic plants are known to have lethal and sublethal effects on insects. As there is a need to replace conventional pesticides (organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids) with biorational pesticides, we evaluated the behavioural and toxicological responses of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica, exposed to the following monoterpenes, namely (+)-a-pinene, (–)-a-pinene, limonene, menthone, linalool, menthyl acetate and geraniol. Locomotor activity and repellency were quantified using a video tracking system. To study the effect on locomotor activity, larvae were exposed to filter papers treated with concentrations of monoterpenes ranging between 1.4 and 1,400 µg/cm2. Only menthyl acetate applied at a concentration of 14 µg/cm2 or higher increased the locomotor activity of the larvae. Repellency was evaluated by exposing larvae to circles of filter paper divided in two equal zones: one zone was treated with a solution of a monoterpene in acetone (14 or 140 µg/cm2) and the other with only acetone. Larvae were repelled by all the monoterpenes tested. The two concentrations of geraniol and the highest concentration of menthyl acetate and linalool were as repellent as DEET (positive control). The fumigant effect was evaluated by exposing larvae to vapour from 100 µl of pure monoterpene in a sealed container., 2_The values of the 50% Knock-down Times (KT50), expressed in minutes, were: (+)-a-pinene: 11.8, (–)-a-pinene: 14.6, limonene: 81.0, menthone: 141.0, and linalool: 238.6. (+)-a-Pinene was as good a fumigant as dichlorvos (positive control, KT50 = 9.7 min). The least effective compounds were menthyl acetate and geraniol (both affected less than 50% of larvae after 490 min of exposure). In conclusion, (+)-a-pinene (for its fumigant effect), menthyl acetate (for its hyperactivant effect) and menthone and geraniol (for their repellent properties) could potentially be used for controlling B. germanica., Raúl A. Alzogaray ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

184. Behavioural evidence for a putative oviposition-deterring pheromone in the butterfly, Phengaris (Maculinea) teleius (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

Creator:
Sielezniew, Marcin and Stankiewicz-Fiedurek, Anna M.
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, host plant marking behaviour, host plant selection, Maculinea teleius, myrmecophily, oviposition, oviposition-deterring pheromone, Phengaris teleius, Sanguisorba officinalis, social parasite, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
Larvae of the endangered Scarce Large Blue butterfly, Phengaris (Maculinea) teleius, are initially endophytic, feeding upon developing seeds of Sanguisorba officinalis, but complete their development as social parasites preying on the brood of Myrmica ants. Females show very specific preferences, laying eggs exclusively in young flower heads of the food plant. In the present contribution we report the results of a detailed study of female behaviour at three sites differing in size and abundance of S. officinalis. Tracked individuals switched between feeding on nectar (nectaring), flight and oviposition. They fed exclusively on flowers of reddish, pink or violet colouration, favouring Viccia cracca and S. officinalis. However, females spent about one fifth of the time they were active ovipositing and laid about 20 eggs per hour. Oviposition visits to flower heads were highly stereotyped and followed a specific ritual. Examination of accepted, rejected and randomly sampled flower heads showed that females avoided those containing conspecific eggs and at a site where this was difficult due to a shortage of suitable flower heads, they tended to distribute their eggs evenly among the available flower heads. Our results indirectly indicate the existence of an oviposition-deterring pheromone (ODP) in P. teleius. This hypothetical marking ensures a more even distribution of eggs and possibly increases the chances of survival of caterpillars by reducing competition during both the phytophagous and myrmecophagous stages of development. There are few reports of butterflies producing ODPs and to our knowledge this is the first evidence of their presence in the family Lycaenidae., Marcin Sielezniew, Anna M. Stankiewicz-Fiedurek., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

185. Benediktini ve středověku, ed. Marek Matějček

Creator:
Izdný, Jakub
Format:
print
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Západomoravská vysoká škola Třebíč, náboženské a kulturní poměry, řeholní řády, benediktini, středověk, religious and cultural conditions, monastic orders, Benedictines, middle ages, Evropa, Třebíč (Česko), Europe, Třebíč (Czechia), 5, and 2
Language:
Czech
Description:
[autor recenze] Jakub Izdný.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

186. Benson-Bassham-Calvin cycle contribution to the organic life on our planet

Creator:
Biel, Karl and Fomina, I.
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Benson, Andrew A, fotosyntéza, jaderní, prokaryota, photosynthesis, Eukaryota, prokaryotes, autotrofní organismy, Benson-Bassham-Calvin cycle, autotrophic organisms, eukaryotes, carbon metabolism, 2, and 581
Language:
Multiple languages
Description:
The review is devoted to the outstanding contributions to the path of carbon in photosynthesis by Professor Emeritus Andrew A. Benson, on the occasion of his death at the age of 97, on January 16, 2015. Benson is the legendary co-discoverer of the photosynthetic reductive pentose phosphate cycle, known to every student of photosynthesis as the Benson-Bassham-Calvin cycle. This pathway evolved into the dominant assimilation mechanism for atmospheric carbon into metabolites. The fundamental ecological and biochemical optimization and evolutionary stability of this mechanism unfolded elegantly in Benson’s hands, as he was the first to recognize the building blocks for the synthesis of essential organic compounds that satisfy the energetic needs and demands of most life forms. Photosynthetic carbon metabolism together with other energy and oxidative reactions and secondary biosynthetic processes are critical for the formation of organic matter; and, thereby, the Benson-Bassham-Calvin cycle ensures maintenance of the biosphere., K. Biel, I. Fomina., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

187. Benthic communities in inland salinized waters with different salinities and nutrient concentrations and the ecology of Chironomus aprilinus (Diptera: Chironomidae) in the Czech Republic

Creator:
Josef Matěna, Šímová, Iva, Jakub Brom, and Novotná, Kateřina
Format:
print, počítač, and online zdroj
Type:
article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, dvoukřídlí, pakomárovití, těžba uhlí, oplodnění, Diptera, Chironomidae, coal mining, fertilization (biology), Chironomus aprilinus, hydric restoration, saline inland waters, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
The macrozoobenthos in saline pools at dumps in a former coal mining area was studied over a period of two years. Due to specific environmental conditions these pools are unique in the Czech Republic. Extremely high values of salinity (up to 11‰) along with a low concentration of dissolved phosphorus (0.01-0.1 mg.l-1) are typical of some of the water in this area. The pools were grouped into three categories based on their conductivity values and treated using cow dung, municipal wastewater treatment sludge and inorganic NPK (nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium) fertilizer at doses recommended for carp ponds. The application of fertilizer had a positive effect on the density and biomass of all the groups in the macrozoobenthos. The highest and the lowest increases in macrozoobenthos biomass were recorded after the application of NPK and cow dung, respectively. However, the application of fertilizer had no effect on the diversity of macrozoobenthos. Chironomus aprilinus, recorded in the Czech Republic for the first time, inhabited all pools with conductivity ranges of between 5,000-16,000 µS.cm-1. The density of C. aprilinus larvae increased with increasing salinity reaching a maximum of about 17,083 ind.m-2 (biomass - 82 g.m-2). Analysis of C. aprilinus phenology revealed a bivoltine pattern with the summer generation of larvae reaching a maximum in June-July and the overwintering generation in October to November., Josef Matěna, Iva Šínová, Jakub Brom, Kateřina Novotná., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

188. Benzoxazolin-2-(3H)-one reduces photosynthetic activity and chlorophyll fluorescence in soybean

Creator:
Parizotto, A. V., Marchiosi, R., Bubna, G. A., Bevilaqua, J. M., Ferro, A. P., Ferrarese, M. L. L., and Ferrarese-Filho, O.
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
allelochemical, benzoxazolinone, gas exchange, nonstomatal limitation, stomatal limitation, 2, and 581
Language:
Multiple languages
Description:
Benzoxazolin-2-(3H)-one (BOA) has been tested in many plants species, but not in soybean (Glycine max). Thus, a hydroponic experiment was conducted to assess the effects of BOA on soybean photosynthesis. BOA reduced net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry without affecting intercellular CO2 concentration or maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry. Results revealed that the reduced stomatal conductance restricted entry of CO2 into substomatal spaces, thus limiting CO2 assimilation. No change found in intercellular CO2 concentration and reduced effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry revealed that CO2 was not efficiently consumed by the plants. Our data indicated that the effects of BOA on soybean photosynthesis occurred due to the reduced stomatal conductance and decreased efficiency of carbon assimilation. The accumulation of BOA in soybean leaves reinforced these findings. and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

190. Betaglukany: nadějné přírodní imunomodulační látky

Creator:
Petr Šíma
Format:
print
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Obecná biologie, přírodní látky, imunomodulancia, 2, and 57
Language:
Czech
Description:
Betaglucans are highly conserved structural polysacharids in the cell walls of bacteria, cyanobacteria, algae, seaweed, yeast, fungi, lichens, and some plants, particularly grain. They belong to a group of active natural substances commonly called biological response modifiers (BRM) and play a role as potent immune response stimulators in all multicellular animals. Their effects against infectious diseases and in cancer therapy have been described in many experimental research studies and human case histories but their functional mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. and Petr Šíma.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

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