This article deals with the peculiarities of the ongoging Islamist insurgency in Kabardino-Balkaria, located in Russia´s volatile North Caucasus. Covering the interwoven issues of local Islam, nationalism, social organization, bad governance coupled with enduring economic and political problems, the article explores the causes and implications of the insurgency movement that seeks to establish an Islamic theocracy in thi strategically important part of the Russian Federation., Emil Souleimanov., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
This paper is devoted to the most crucial period of Bosnia´s history, when the major ethnic shift in the history of the country happened. Ruins of medieval Bosnian kingdom, which existed in 1377-1463 became the basis for strong islamization of its territory. One of the key aspects why this process was so effective in comparison to other Balkan countries lies in political instability. Bosnian kingdom had three significant and strong neighbours – Ottoman Empire, The Republic of Venice and Hungarian Kingdom. Each of these empires interfered into internal political affairs of Bosnia. Another phenomenon was Bogomil or Bosnian church and its roots, which also helped Islamic religion to establish itself among Bosnian believers. Islamization of Bosnia and Hercegovina started even before the fall of Bosnian kingdom and its most intensive phase started in the 16th century when 75% of the population becames Muslim. The most rapid grow of the Islamic religious influence is to bee seen in cities, especially those built by Ottomans – like Mostar, Sarajevo or Tuzla. At the end of the 16th century we can see deceleration of islamization as well as growth of the new Bosnian Muslim nobility., Maroš Melichárek., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
At the beginning of the 13th century, when Mongol Empire expansion into Europe, the Italian city-states-Venice, Genoa, Pisa, Florence, Milan, Siena and Lucca - come on the scene, next to the centralized Western European monarchies (France, England) and the Papal Curia. In Genoa and Venice, major naval republics, the chief source of wealth and power was transit trade between Western Europe and the East. Both Genoa and Venice had the political systems ideal for realizing large business operations. All the power in these republics belonged to mercantile patricians, who fell to the vast majority of income from overseas trade. In the last third of the 13th century Genoese merchants, side by side with the Franciscan and Dominican missionaries, began to expand further to the east. Genoese colonies, factories and leading trading posts were also supporting bases of religious missions. The list of these missions in the Franciscan Vicaria Tartariæ Aquilonaris is presented in the end of this paper., Vladimír Liščák., and Obsahuje seznam literatury a poznámky
At the beginning of the 13th century, when Mongol Empire expansion into Europe, the Italian city-states-Venice, Genoa, Pisa, Florence, Milan, Siena and Lucca - come on the scene, next to the centralized Western European monarchies (France, England) and the Papal Curia. In Genoa and Venice, major naval republics, the chief source of wealth and power was transit trade between Western Europe and the East. Both Genoa and Venice had the political systems ideal for realizing large business operations. All the power in these republics belonged to mercantile patricians, who fell to the vast majority of income from overseas trade. In the last third of the 13th century Genoese merchants, side by side with the Franciscan and Dominican missionaries, began to expand further to the east. Genoese colonies, factories and leading trading posts were also supporting bases of religious missions. The list of these missions in the Franciscan Vicaria Tartariæ Aquilonaris is presented in the end of this paper., Vladimír Liščák., and Obsahuje poznámky a seznam literatury
After briefly and cojncisely summarizing principla ideals of classical Yoga philosophy, the paper is primarily concerned with outlining the issue of theism within its frame. Related sūtras are treated where definition of Īśvara, the ssupreme Being and highest spiritual monad, is presented and referred to. These are followed by some considerations over that peculiar concept of God. Conclusion is drawn and argued for that the notion of Īśvara (who cannot be thought of as a personal god) is of philosophical rather than religious character. Not being in any sense creator of the universe nor enjoying any sort of cult or religious practice and remaining in his eternal inertness and perfection, Īśvara could be best seen as a God of the yogīs, whose only aim, so to speak, is to serve as a perfect model for a libertaion-seeking person. It is his very existence thet urges yogī to achieve self-realization by means of concentration., Ján Országh., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Kabyles, a Berber-speaking population living in North Algeria, are nowadays very active in the proces of self-determination within Algeria and in the fight for their rights. This text describes how French colonization has influenced the (self)perception of Kabyles as a culturally and linguistically specific group. Special attention is given to the position of Kabyles in post-independent Algeria and the way the Algerian régime, in the name of anti-colonialism, has reproduced colonial thoughts and concepts. Also examined are the contemporary activities of Kabyle political parties and the Movement for autonomy of Kabylia., Tereza Hyánková., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
This paper aims at examining the current attempts of the Hindutva organizations to hijack the environmental discourse and use it to mobilize the public on religious and communal bases. After a brief summary of the main ideological strands and movements in contemporary Indian envirnonmentalism, special attention is paid to the attempt by the VHP and other Sangh Parivar organizations to appropriate the Ganga monement in Uttarakhand. With reference to the previous campaigns in the 1980s and 1990s, in which the waters of the Ganga already played an important role, their strategies and tactics are examined and discussed, followed by an analysis of the seminal question: Why is it that time the Hindu Right has not been successful in capturing the public imagination and seizing the environmental agenda in order to transform it into a broader social movement., Jiří Krejčík., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Present paper deals with general aspects of Tibetan Buddhism with emphasis on ritual practice of the Nyingma tradition. Next, it tackles various forms of myth and cult goddess Tara while giving some remarks from the point of view of structural anthropology. The author argues that the worship of Tara plays crucial role in the lay and monastic spheres and the cult of the goddess provides a common background for symbolical communication both within and between the contexts., Petr Horáček., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
This article seeks to explore the culture of violence in the mountainous Caucasus seen from a historical perspective. To the end, it employs a number of contemporary testimonies made primally by outsiders who visited the region in the 17th-19th centuries. The focus of the article rests in the evolution of the phenomenon of blood feud, a staple of the Caucasus from time immemorial, and its reservation and relevance nowadays. and Emil Souleimanov.
The theme of the text is whether the construction of mosques in Germany (for example in Duisburg) of the source to the process of emancipation of religious communities. It is a relationship between „traditional“ religious concepts of creations of sacred space and modern changes in European societies. At many places in Germany (for example in Cologne) was building of mosques a hard task and generated negative reactions inside the non-Muslim society. The architectural design of mosques participates in construction of public space. For both sides, the architecture of these buildings illustrates a complicated integration process. The choice of forms of buildings inspired by the cultural background of immigrants or the current general trends in architecture expresses the level of integration of Muslim communities into Western societies. An important part is question of preservation and transformation of the European Muslims´identity., Martin Klapetek., and Obsahuje poznámky a seznam literatury