The paper deals with a new criterion of evaluating the disintegration by blasting operations using cylindrical as well as concentrated charges in quarries and undergrounds. The results of our research show that for seismic safety determination of blasting, the maximum of concentrated charge blasting in one delay stage is not critical, but decisive is the explosion of the total mass of blasting material., Blažej Pandula and Kamila Jelšovská., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
A modern seismological network with telemetric data transfer has been constructed in southern Bohemia. The network is made up of 5 stations equipped with Reftek DAS (Data Acquistion System) 130-01 Broadband Seismic Recorders and GeoSIG VE-53 triaxial velocity sensors with a natural frequency of 1 Hz. The network works at a sample rate of 250 Hz. The main purpose of this network is to monitor local seismicity in southern Bohemia with a special focus on seismic activity in the vicinity of the Temelin NPP. The sensitivity in the central part of the network is at least 0.0 ML. In addition to monitoring local tectonic movements it also monitors the effects of Alpine earthquakes in the area of southern Bohemia. For this reason one of the sites on the network is equipped with a GeoSIG AC-63 triaxial force balanced accelerometer., Vladimír Nehybka, Romana Hanžlová, Jan Otruba, Jan Švancara and Radim Vlach., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
In the paper, an attempt to interpret the PSInSAR data for the northern part of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin with the use o f kernel approximation is described. The PSI nSAR technique is characterised by the Permanent Scatterer points (so-called PS points, Permanent Scatterers), which usually correspond to the objects such as : buildings, industrial and transport infrastructure, and natural components of surface relief (Ferretti et. al., 2000, 2001). The PSInSAR technique allows to monitor ground movements. A non-uniform di stribution of the PS points makes the inte rpretation of PSInSAR data difficult, as well as the fact that one point can assume both positive an d negative values. The application of the kernel approximation for the interpretation of the PSInSAR data allowed of more unambiguous interpretation., Katarzyna Mirek and Janusz Mirek., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Combination of numerical models of deformations and repeated geodetic measurement results provide reliable information on the state of the rock mass in a mining area and support planning and control of the mining operation. The paper describes the concept of integrated monitoring and analysis of rock mass deformation in the Kvannevann iron ore mine (Norway) using sub-level caving (SLC) method. Geodetic control network developed for periodic measurements of surface subsidence and a source of geometrical data for numerical modelling of deformations using finite element method (FEM) has been characterised. Focus is given to the results of initial numeric al analyses with FEM of rock mass deformations due to SLC mining. The results of the modelling provided information on possible extent of deformation zones on the mining ground surface once mining with new method commences., Jan Blachowski and Steinar Ellefmo., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Determination of heights with help of GPS in local geodetic networks is still more actual respecting the fact that the GPS technology becames more and more effective with hardware progress, with improvements in measuring and evaluating procedures, and with better modelling of the disturbing influences. In comparison with GPS the employment of classical terrestrial measuring technologies is often more difficult namely in broken mountain environment. In period 1998-2005 authors carried out repeated measurements of GPS baselines of various length and various height differences in local geodynamical network Sněžník and in other experimental areas. On ground of analyses of large GPS data sets the modified procedure for GPS observation was designed. The procedure is based on repetition of shorter static sessions separated by time intervals of optimal length. This technology represents an alternative to the ususal long static sessions, and is offering better effectivity of vertical GPS measurements with minimal loss of accuracy. The paper presents detailed description of the modified procedure together with some statistical analyses of results. The possibilities of elimination or mitigation of some disturbing influences are discussed. Two testing vertical profiles were marked in Sněžník network- longitudinal profile in N-S direction, and transversal profile in E-W direction - which were measured in course of several years by classical method of very precise levelling, and also by modified GPS heighting procedure in repeated sessions. Results obtained contributed to the local quasigeoid model creation., Otakar Švábenský, Josef Weigel and Radovan Machotka., and Obsahuje bibliografii
At the end of 2010 seven TM 71 extensometers, installed at or near the active faults in Slovenia, were in operation. Three of them are on the surface and four inside karst caves. The highest rates with stable sense of movements were observed on the Idrija fault. Average horizontal displacement rate was 0.24 mm/year. Short term rates were even greater and reached 0.54 mm/year. The Raša fault first experienced an uplift of the SW block of 0.16 mm/year, which was followed by a short-term down-slip of the same block at the rate of 0.37 mm/year. Later the sense of movement returned to uplift with a rate of 0.05 mm/year. The average horizontal displacement was 0.07 mm/year. The Kneža fault experienced very small average displacements (y=0.035 mm/year, z=0.03 mm/year and x=0.02 mm/year). Similar rates were observed in nearby Polog cave (y=0.015 mm/year, z=0.027 mm/year and x=0.016 mm/year), which is located close to the seismically active Ravne fault. For Kostanjevica cave, located near the Brežice fault, small average rates are characteristic (y=0.006 mm/year, z=0.017 mm/year and x=0.012 mm/year). In Postojna cave, located close to the Predjama fault, two monitoring sites are very stable with small tectonic movements, including general dextral horizontal movement of 0.05 mm from 2004 to 2010 (Postojna 1) and two significant short-term peaks of 0.08 mm (Postojna 1-y and Postojna 2-z)., Andrej Gosar, Stanka Šebela, Blahoslav Košťák and Josef Stemberk., and Obsahuje bibliografii
GPS (Global Positioning System) technique has become a major tool in contemporary surveying and geodesy. This concerns mostly measurements of horizontal point coordinates, where centimeter-level accuracies are usually required and easily achievable. For the height component, however, these requirements are higher and millimeter-level accuracy is necessary. On the other hand, the intrinsic precision of GPS-derived heights is clearly lower comparing to the horizontal components. This is due to unfavorable satellite geometry, adverse effects of the troposphere or GPS antenna phase center offset and variations. In order to overcome these effects one has to carefully model all the error sources and rigorously process the GPS data. This paper presents studies on the optimal GPS data processing strategy suitable for precise leveling. This was done through the extensive testing and selection of the most appropriate observational session duration, ambiguity resolution strategy, network geometry, troposphere and ionospheric delay reduction methods, signal linear co mbination, elevation angle cut-off, etc. The analyzed processing strategies were evaluated through the processing of a test network. The test network consisted of 19 monitored points and 5 control points, and covered the area of 20 km x 60 km. The obtained results show that the precise GPS leveling with the selected optimal processing strategy allows for about 3 mm repeatability of height measurements when processing 4-hour long sessions. In our opinion GPS leveling may serve as fast and cost-effective replacement of classic geometric leveling, especially in applications where the hei ghts in orthometric or normal height systems are not necessary. This is the case in, e.g., ground deformation studies., Katarzyna Stepniak, Radosław Baryła, Paweł Wielgosz and Grzegorz Kurpinski., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
This paper deals with issues related to convenient monitoring of subsidence due to longtime mining activities of Czech Karviná Mine: Lazy plant, using satellite SAR interferometry (InSAR) techniques. It maintains approaches for optimizations of differential InSAR, especially including available filtering possibilities. It was realized that current SAR satellites were not able to appropriately evaluate deep subsidence as it occurs in Czech mining sites. Other issues are related to the presence of dense vegetation. Data from previous and only available L-band SAR satellite ALOS demonstrates its high potential in this area of interest. However, only a few acquisitions are available of the mining site disallowing usage for purposes of continuous monitoring of subsidence in the area. Processing results of InSAR techniques of the Lazy plant are presented in this paper., Milan Lazecký and Eva Jiránková., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Films of aliphatic polyurethane-silica nanocomposite containing up to 27.3 mol. % of silica were obtained by the parallel synthesis of both composite components in one common process. This method permits to obtain the nanocomposite materials with the uniform distribution of nanoparticles in the polymer matrix volume. The rise of the silica concentration in the nanocomposite film was shown to lead from one hand to the progressive fall of both the Young’s modulus and yield stress and from another hand to the rise of the ultimate deformation and thermal expansion coefficient values. These effects were ascribed to the formation of the excessive free volume in the material along with the raise of silica concentration., Josif V. Gofman and Ivan V. Abalov., and Obsahuje bibliografii
This study investigates the clay mineralogy of permafrost-affected soils derived from predominantly calcareous loess-like material under the cold ultra-continental climatic conditions of Central Yakutia. These soils are named "Palevye (Pale)" following the Russian Classification, or Cryosols (WRB, 2006). Based on the data obtained, the loess-like substrate of Central Yakutia is enriched by chlorite in comparison with that of the loess-like parent material of European Russia. The clay mineralogy of the fine size fractions (<1μm) of all soil profiles is dominated by a smectitic mineral (most likely random mixed-layer illite-smectite and probably chlorite-smectite where smectite is ≥ 50 %), with subordinate chlorite and illite as well as the products of their transformation with smectite (vermiculite) layers < 50 % in the upper horizons, and finally traces of kaolinite. Pedogenesis has brought about change in the more acidic upper horizons, including a marked reduction in the expandability of the smectitic phase, possibly accounted for by the introduction of non-exchangeable hydroxy-Al into the interlamellar space and / or partial dissolving of smectitic phase, together with a relative reduction in the contents of bothillite and chlorite. Illite has been at least partially transformed to a mixed-layer illite-vermiculite (smectite), whereas chlorite has either been completely decomposed or has transformed to a mixed-layer expandable component. In one profile, the smectitic mineral appears to be absent from the upper horizon, suggesting that it may have been completely decomposed. An alternative explanation is that it has been eluted or translocated down the profile to accumulate in a Bt horizon. The distribution of clay minerals relates to the change of pH values in the profiles (acidic in the upper part, neutral - slightly alkaline in the middle, and alkaline in the basal horizons) possibly determined by seasonal migration of dissolved carbonates., Sofia N. Lessovaia, Sergey V. Goryachkin, Roman V. Desyatkin and Matrena V. Okoneshnikova., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy