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232. Řekni mi, kde rosteš, já ti povím, jaká jsi
- Creator:
- Koukol, Ondřej
- Format:
- Type:
- article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Botanika, mykologie, lichenologie, molekulární biologie, virologie, genetika, životní prostředí, ekologie, mycology, lichenology, molecular biology, virology, environment, ecology, genetics, 2, and 58
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Naše znalosti o ekologii a rozšíření řady druhů hub byly po dlouhou dobu založeny pouze na pozorování plodnic a sporulujících útvarů v terénu a na identifikaci izolovaných druhů hub. Nedávné pokroky a dostupnost metod založených na studiu DNA a jejich téměř rutinní používání v laboratořích rozšířilo naše znalosti o substrátech kolonizovaných různými druhy hub. Na druhou stranu se ukázalo, že některé druhy kolonizují stejný substrát, ale na geograficky velmi vzdálených lokalitách. Některé druhy ani nelze zařadit do jasně vymezené ekologické skupiny, mění svou ekologii v průběhu svého životního cyklu., Our information about the ecology and distribution of particular fungal species has for a long time been based only on observations of fruit bodies and sporulating structures in the field and on identification of isolated fungal strains. Recent developments in molecular methods and their routine use in mycology have revealed that some fungi may colonize different substrates than originally supposed. On the other hand, other fungi colonize their typical habitats in localities that are enormously distant from each other. Some fungi may not be easily assigned to a single ecological group, as they change various life styles during their life cycle., and Ondřej Koukol.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
233. Responses of cotton and wheat photosynthesis and growth to cyclic variation in carbon dioxide concentration
- Creator:
- Bunce, J. A.
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- botanika, botany, acclimation, down-regulation, stomatal conductance, 2, and 58
- Language:
- Multiple languages
- Description:
- a1_The carbon dioxide concentration in free air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) systems typically has rapid fluctuations. In our FACE system, power spectral analysis of CO2 concentration measured every second with an open path analyzer indicated peaks in variation with a period of about one minute. I used open-top chambers to expose cotton and wheat plants to either a constant elevated CO2 concentration of 180 μmol mol-1 above that of outside ambient air, or to the same mean CO2 concentration, but with the CO2 enrichment cycling between about 30 and 330 μmol mol-1 above the concentration of outside ambient air, with a period of one minute. Three short-term replicate plantings of cotton were grown in Beltsville, Maryland with these CO2 concentration treatments imposed for 27-day periods over two summers, and one winter wheat crop was grown from sowing to maturity. In cotton, leaf gas-exchange measurements of the continuously elevated treatment and the fluctuating treatment indicated that the fluctuating CO2 concentration treatment consistently resulted in substantial down-regulation of net photosynthetic rate (PN) and stomatal conductance (gs). Total shoot biomass of the vegetative cotton plants in the fluctuating CO2 concentration treatment averaged 30% less than in the constantly elevated CO2 concentration treatment at 27 days after planting. In winter wheat, leaf gas-exchange measurements also indicated that down-regulation of PN and gs occurred in flag leaves in the fluctuating CO2 concentration treatment, but the effect was not as consistent in other leaves, nor as severe as found in cotton. However, wheat grain yields were 12% less in the fluctuating CO2 concentration treatment compared with the constant elevated CO2 concentration treatment., a2_Comparison with wheat yields in chambers without CO2 addition indicated a nonsignificant increase of 5% for the fluctuating elevated CO2 concentration treatment, and a significant increase of 19% for the constant elevated treatment. The results suggest that treatments with fluctuating elevated CO2 concentrations could underestimate plant growth at projected future atmospheric CO2 concentrations., J. A. Bunce., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
234. Responses of photosynthetic characteristics and antioxidative metabolism in winter wheat to post-anthesis shading
- Creator:
- Xu, C., Yin, Y., Cai, R., Wang, P., Ni, Y., Guo, J., Chen, E., Cai, T., Cui, Z., Liu, T., Yang, D., and Wang, Z.
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- botanika, botany, antioxidative metabolism, photosynthetic traits, shading, Triticum aestivum L., 2, and 58
- Language:
- Multiple languages
- Description:
- In a field experiment, two winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, Tainong 18 (a large-spike cultivar) and Jinan 17 (a multiple-spike cultivar), were treated with 78% (S1), 50% (S2), and 10% (S3) of full sunshine (S0, control) from anthesis to maturity to determine the responses of photosynthetic characteristics and antioxidative enzyme activities in a flag leaf. Compared with S0 treatment, the chlorophyll (Chl) content and maximal efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry (Fv/Fm) of flag leaves were enhanced in treatments S1 and S2. From 0 to 7 d post flowering, the Chl content and Fv/Fm in S3 were also higher than those in S0, but significantly lower than those in controls, respectively. With the increase of shading intensity, the effective quantum yield of PSII (ΦPSII) was promoted; whereas, the ratio of Chl a/b declined. Compared with S0, treatments S2 and S3 significantly suppressed the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD), net photosynthetic rate (PN), and contents of total soluble sugar, nevertheless, S1 treatment showed positive effects on the above parameters. Under the same shading condition, Jinan 17 had larger Chl content and higher activities of PSII and antioxidative enzymes, but lower malondialdehyde (MDA) content than Tainong 18. The results indicated that multiple-spike cultivar was more advantageous for the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, where shading problem occurs later during the growth period, than the large-spike cultivar, because of the lesser damage in a flag leaf and better photosynthetic function of the former one. Wheat plants under S1 shading condition had relatively high activities of antioxidative enzymes and a low degree of membrane lipid peroxidation, which was in favor of stress resistance, maintaining high PN duration, and accumulation of photosynthates in wheat plants., C. Xu ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
235. Responses of young ‘Pink lady’ apple to alternate deficit irrigation following long-term drought: growth, photosynthetic capacity, water-use efficiency, and sap flow
- Creator:
- Sun, X. P., Yan, H. L., Ma, P., Liu, B. H., Zou, Y. J., Liang, D., Ma, F. W., and Li, P. M.
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- botanika, botany, apple, deficit irrigation, photosynthetic capacity, sap flow, water-use efficiency, 2, and 58
- Language:
- Multiple languages
- Description:
- We studied photosynthetic capacity, growth, sap flow, and water-use efficiency in young trees of ‘Pink Lady’ apple (Malus domestica) that were exposed to 60 d of moisture stress. Three irrigation schemes were tested in the greenhouse: well-watered control; drought; or alternate deficit irrigation (ADI). Compared with the drought-stressed plants, those treated via ADI showed better height growth, larger scion diameters, and greater total leaf area, as well as significantly increased gains in dry biomass and rootstock diameters. However, their performance was still significantly lower than that demonstrated by continuously well-watered plants. Sap flow was greater under ADI than under drought, but less than under control conditions. The average rate of net photosynthesis, total amount of irrigation water applied, and dry biomass gain had highly significant and positive linear correlations with long-term water-use efficiency (WUEL). The same was true between average stomatal conductance and WUEL. By contrast, instantaneous water-use efficiency (WUEI) was very significantly and negatively correlated with WUEL. In addition, values for WUEL were much higher from well-watered plants when compared with either drought-stressed trees or those treated per ADI. Therefore, our results indicate that, although ‘Pink Lady’ apple normally has high WUE, it still consumes a large amount of water. Therefore, the practice of ADI following a period of long-term drought could be used to improve growth and WUEL by this cultivar., X. P. Sun ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
236. Responses to ozone on Populus “Oxford” clone in an open top chamber experiment assessed before sunrise and in full sunlight
- Creator:
- Desotgiu, R., Pollastrini, M., Cascio, C., Gerosa, G., Marzuoli, R., and Bussotti, F.
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- botanika, botany, fluorescence transient, JIP-test, leaf injury, linear electron transport, modulated fluorescence, drought stress, photoinhibition, 2, and 58
- Language:
- Multiple languages
- Description:
- The effects of ambient levels of ozone and summer drought were assessed on a poplar clone (Populus maximowiczii Henry X P. × berolinensis Dippel - Oxford clone) in an open top chamber experiment carried out at the Curno facilities (Northern Italy). Chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence parameters (from both modulated and direct fluorescence) were assessed at different hours of the day (predawn, morning, midday, afternoon, and evening), from June to August 2008. This paper compares the results from predawn (PD, before sunrise) and afternoon (AN, in full sunlight) measurements, in order to evaluate the role of high sunlight as a factor influencing responses to ozone stress. Sunlight affected the maximum quantum yield of primary photochemistry (decrease of Fv/Fm) thus indicating photoinhibition. The effective quantum yield (ΦPSII) and the photochemical quenching (qP) were enhanced in the afternoon with respect to the predawn, whereas the nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) was reduced. The effect of ozone was detected with fluorescence on well watered plants in the first week of July, before the onset of visible symptoms. As far as Fv/Fm are concerned, the differences between ozone-treated and control plants were statistically significant in the predawn, but not in the afternoon. Ozone exerted only minor effects on drought exposed plants because of the reduced stomatal ozone uptake, but effects on the IP phase of the fluorescence transient were observed also in drought-stressed plants., R. Desotgiu ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
237. Rod hvězdoš - nenápadné vodní rostliny s nápadně rozmanitou reprodukční strategií
- Creator:
- Prančl, Jan
- Format:
- Type:
- article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Botanika, botanika, fyziologie rostlin, pěstitelství, vodní rostliny, botany, plant physiology, horticultural education, water plants, Čechy (Česko), 2, and 58
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Hvězdoše patří k nejběžnějším a přitom nejvíce přehlíženým vodním rostlinám naší květeny. Jsou charakterizovány na jedné straně celkovou redukcí tělní stavby, na druhé straně vysokou měrou fenotypové plasticity – schopností pružně reagovat na změny prostředí změnou habitu. Kvůli těmto vlastnostem patří hvězdoše mezi determinačně obtížné skupiny. Překvapivě však existuje u hvězdošů pozoruhodné množství různých opylovacích způsobů: dokáží se opylovat na vzduchu, po vodní hladině i pod vodou. Kombinace všech těchto tří způsobů opylení není známa u žádných jiných rostlin. Všechny opylovací systémy se pak u hvězdošů kombinují s ojedinělými a kuriózními způsoby samoopylení., Water-starworts (Callitriche) are some of the most common and yet largely overlooked aquatic plants in European flora. They are characterized by overall reduction of the plant body and also exhibit an extraordinary phenotypic plasticity in response to environmental changes, which makes the starwort species very difficult to determine. It is the only genus known to possess all three types of pollination: by air, on the water surface and under water, in addition to some unique self-fertilization mechanisms., and Jan Prančl.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
238. Rodinné stříbro české vegetace: máme u nás něco, co jinde nemají?
- Creator:
- Milan Chytrý, Handrij Härtel, and Kateřina Šumberová
- Format:
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Botanika, vegetace, flóra, Česko, 2, and 58
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- In the CR located on the bio-geographical crossroads of Central Europe, several vegetation types reach their distribution limit here, whereas only three vegetation types and complexes unique or significantly concentrated here are identified: grasslands in the White Carpathian Mts. (the world’s highest number of vascular plant species per certain areas smaller than 50 m2); sandstone pseudokarst landscapes (sharply contrasting vegetation at very short distances); fishponds (specific vegetation especially on their exposed bottoms when drained). and Milan Chytrý, Handrij Härtel, Kateřina Šumberová.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
239. Rosického Botanika pro vyšší třídy středních škol
- Creator:
- Trapl, Stanislav
- Publisher:
- Nákladem České grafické akc. společnosti Unie
- Format:
- svazek, bez média, print, text, regular print, and 274 stran, 1 nečíslovaný list obrazových příloh : ilustrace, 1 mapa ; 22 cm
- Type:
- model:monograph and TEXT
- Subject:
- 58, 2, botanika, rostliny, and Botanika
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- nově zpracoval Stanislav Trapl, Obsahuje rejstřík, and Converted from MODS to DC version 1.8 (EE patch 2018/05/24)
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
240. Rostlina - žralok a její příbuzné z Rio de Janeira
- Creator:
- Miloslav Studnička
- Type:
- article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Botanika, botanika, bromeliovité, botany, Bromeliaceae, Rio de Janeiro (Brazílie), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), 2, and 58
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Botanická zahrada v Rio de Janeiru je zajímavým východiskem k pozorování bromeliovitých rostlin. Nachází se v oblasti obzvláště bohaté na zástupce čeledi Bromeliaceae. Zvláštní kapitola je věnována robustním druhům rodu Alcantarea a jejich ekologii. Je zmíněn slavný zahradní architekt Roberto Burle Marx, který uvedl druh Alcantarea imperialis do svých věhlasných zahradních aranžmá., The Botanical Garden of Rio de Janeiro is an interesting starting point for observation of bromeliads. It is located in an area particularly rich in species of the family Bromeliaceae. An emphasis is given to robust species of the genus Alcantarea and their ecology. Roberto Burle Marx, a famous garden and park designer, is mentioned because he introduced the species A. imperialis in his well-known garden arrangements., and Miloslav Studnička.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public