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772. Ořechov IV: Nová lokalita bohunicienu nad údolím Bobravy
- Creator:
- Petr Škrdla, Rychtaříková, Tereza, Ladislav Nejman, Jaroslav Bartík, Huršková, Alena, and Krása, Jan
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- archeologie, archaeology, Morava (Česko), Moravia (Czechia), Bohunician, GPS survey, structured hearth, 8, and 902
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Ořechov IV is a recently investigated Bohunician site located in southern Moravia, but outside the Brno Basin where most of the other known Bohunician sites are located. It appears to belong to the pure Bohunician industry with no bifacial technology detected. It was probably discovered in the 1930s and due to later errors in reporting its exact location, it was ‘saved’ from prospecting by amateur archaeologists for several decades. We have re-located this site in 2010 and have conducted numerous pedestrian surveys and subsurface testing. We have collected a total of 3214 artifacts (most of them recorded by GPS) and a small amount of ochre. Two-thirds of the artifacts were manufactured on Stránská Skála chert. The second most common raw material used was Krumlovský Les chert followed by very small numbers of other raw materials including erratic flint, a long-distance import. Up to 20 % of the artifacts were damaged by frost action and agricultural activities. Numerous Levallois points and evidence for bidirectional flaking support the Bohunician classification. Test pitting has confirmed the presence of undisturbed sediments with cultural material including 4 structured hearths. Results of radiocarbon dating of some of these hearths are consistent with Bohunician antiquity. Only one lithic artifact in association with a hearth was found insitu. It is likely that future subsurface testing will yield more artifacts., Petr Škrdla, Tereza Rychtaříková, Ladislav Nejman, Jaroslav Bartík, Alena Hrušková, Jan Krása., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
773. Organizace tisku učebnic v Čechách: přizpůsobení jedné tereziánské reformy
- Creator:
- Mádlová, Claire
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- učebnice, nakladatelství a vydavatelství, knihkupectví, inovace, knižní obchod, textbooks, publishing houses, bookstores, book trade, státní reforma, státní nakladatelství, osvícenská reforma, státní monopol, state reform, state publishing house, Enlightenment reform, state monopoly, 8, and 94(437)
- Language:
- Czech and English
- Description:
- In the context of Maria Theresa’s educational reforms, the article analyses the introduction of new school textbooks in Bohemia as an attempt to build a new type of state economic enterprise. For the first twenty years after compulsory education was introduced in 1774, a balance had to be struck for the publication of textbooks between standardization and adaptability, in order to over- come the obstacles and conflicts inherent in the reforms. In implementing the reforms it was thus necessary to deviate from certain fundamental principles - dirigism, uniformity and centralization. An economic system based on the awarding of privileges was faced with the challenge of meeting public order on an unprecedented scale. Moreover, an economic model for publishing schoolbooks had to be devised that could function as an instrument of social policy while remaining financially sustainable. The new publishing house had to ensure regular high-volume distribution of the new product throughout a territory that lacked any commercial infrastructure in the field of bookselling., Claire Madl., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
774. Oslavy narozenin proroka Muhammada v sunnitském islámu: mawlid an-nabí v Arbílu 13. století
- Creator:
- Miroslav Melčák
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Dějiny Asie. Orient, Muhammad, 570-632, 13. století, islámské svátky, proroci, Islamic feasts, prophets, 8, and 94(5)
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Mawlid al-nabi (the Prophet Muhammad's birthday) is commonly celebrated event in the contemporary Muslim world. This non-canonical holiday has undergone an evolution from modest family observations - documented, for the first time, in the context of the 10th century - to large public festivals known from the late medieval period. This paper argues that the turning point in the history of the holiday were celebrations of mawlid al-nabi in Arbil during the reign of Muzaffar al-Din Gökburi at the beginning of the 13th century. The argument is supported by analysis of two legal opinions on the origin of the holiday from the 13th (Abu Shama) and the 15th century (Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti)., Miroslav Melčák., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
775. Oslavy plodnosti v Japonsku a ich symbolika: oslavy plodnosti pod ochranou božstiev dósodžin. II
- Creator:
- Zuzana Kubovčáková
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Dějiny Asie. Orient, plodnost, symbolika, fertility, symbolism, Japonsko, Japan, 8, and 94(5)
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- The current text resumes the topic of fertility rituals in Japan. This part of the entire article deals primarily with two protective village deities, the Dösojin, residing at entrance points to the village and thus overseeing all activity and movement to and from the village itself. The Dösojin thus have the capacity to control and influence everyday life of the villagers in the supernatural field, including new year festivities connected with fertility rituals. The current text not only introduces the shape of the two-day festival but also contributes to a deeper understanding of the issue in question by providing a complex insight into the symbolism and contextual meaning of the performance of the ritual itself., Zuzana Kubovčáková., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
776. Osmapadesátý článek Theresiany: tradiční pojetí či dekriminalizace deliktu magie?
- Creator:
- Kreuz, Petr
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- česká a uherská královna, císařovna, choť Františka Štěpána I., římskoněmeckého císaře, Marie Terezie, 1717-1780, kouzelnictví, čarodějnictví, conjuring, witchcraft, dekriminalizace, Theresiana, Artikul o kouzelnictví, delikt magie, Article on Sorcery, delict of magic, decriminalization, 8, and 94(437)
- Language:
- Czech and English
- Description:
- The 58th article of the penal code issued by Maria Theresa (Theresiana - 1768), let as say the Article on Sorcery (1766) did not represent (as suggested traditionally in the literature) only a not very successful compromise between the traditional penal law doctrine on the one hand and new impulses of the philosophy and legal thinking of the Age of Enlightenment, though it may appear so at the first sight or by superficial reading. The Empress achieved in Theresiana the decriminalisation of the offense of magic art not only in practice but de iure as well. De facto, in practice, this stage had been reached already earlier, in the second half of the fifties of the 18th century. This manner of decriminalisation is typical for the (central)european penal law in the earlier phase of the Enlightenment through which was also just passing the Habsburg monarchy under the reign of Maria Theresa. In the same way is for this phase of development typical the strenghtening of the protection and the rights of the accused or investigated person within the penal procedure by creating different formal and real guarantees and obstacles during the proceedings. This approach was partly a continuation of the early modern and in the early stage of Enlightenment voiced criticism of magic art and sorcery trials., Petr Kreuz., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
777. Osobní apel ke koncepci, komplexnosti a interdisciplinárnímu charakteru knižní kultury
- Creator:
- Petr Voit
- Format:
- print, text, and regular print
- Type:
- article, studie, studies, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Dějiny civilizace. Kulturní dějiny, Civilization, knižní kultura, knihověda, literatura, čtenářství, books and reading, bibliology, literature, reading, readership, library science, book printing, book culture, 8, 930.85, and 909
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Petr Voit.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
778. Osobní vzpomínka na profesora B. Hostinského k 60. výročí jeho úmrtí
- Creator:
- Šimáně, Čestmír
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Hostinský, Bohuslav, 1884-1951, 19.-20. století, fyzici, pedagogové, matematici, physicists, educationalists, mathematicians, Česko, Czechia, 6, 8, 53, and 929
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Čestmír Šimáně. and Rubrika: Historie fyziky
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
779. Osobní vzpomínka na profesora Josefa Petráně aneb Slavíček z filozofické fakulty
- Creator:
- Sládek, Miloš
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Petráň, Josef, 1930-2017, historici, historians, 8, and 94(437)
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Miloš Sládek.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
780. Osobnost a vláda Marie Terezie v dílech českých historiků (do roku 1939)
- Creator:
- Maur, Eduard
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- česká a uherská královna, císařovna, choť Františka Štěpána I., římskoněmeckého císaře, Marie Terezie, 1717-1780, historiografie, reformy, historiography, reforms, česká historiografie, kritika germanizace a administrativního centralismu, Czech historiography, criticism of Germanization and administrative centralism, 8, and 94(437)
- Language:
- Czech and English
- Description:
- his study traces the changing portrayals of Maria Theresa in the writings of the most important Czech historians (F. M. Pelcl, W. W. Tomek, J. Kalousek, B. Rieger, J. Svátek, J. Pekař and J. Prokeš) up until the end of the First Republic. It also considers the works of popular chroniclers, the French historian E. Denis, and school textbooks. The author shows that from the end of the 18th century to the 1930s Czech historiography presented an image of Maria Theresa as an exceptionally capable ruler whose wide-ranging reforms brought considerable progress in many different spheres of life both in Bohemia and the monarchy as a whole. From the outset, however, there was also criticism of various aspects of her policies that were perceived as inimical to the Czech nation. First there was Germanization, especially in the education system; then, from the 1860s, the centralizing tendency of administrative reforms that threatened the (albeit limited) autonomy of the Czech state and opened the door to dualism. This criticism was especially abrasive in the works of J. Kalousek, B. Rieger and J. Svátek. Some even pointed to an actively hostile attitude on the part of the empress towards the Czech Lands. As the proliferation of factual evidence consolidated the positive image of the great monarch, critical assessments became more objective, though they never disappeared altogether. It is worth noting that, with few exceptions, the positive importance of absolutist enlightenment reforms for the emergence of the modern Czech nation-state was often overlooked., Eduard Maur., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public