The study deals with Anglophone and francophone identities in Africa on the example of Cameroon. In contemporary Africa, though quite hidden, one may encounter two ways of how both identities come into latent or open conflict. Language policies in Africa still show an inevitable impact and heritage of colonial past when European languages entered the African linguistic, political, social and cultural arenas causing further problems expecially in multi-ethnic societies or in states which came to existence by a junctiona of two different entities. This is exactly the case of Cameroon., Jan Záhořík., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The article presents different attitudes of Buddhist ethics and onthology towards plants in the course of the long history of the Doctrine from its beginings to contemporary teachers. To demonstrate the broader context and trace possible sources of Buddhist thought on this matter, pre-Buddhist Indian traditions and Jainism are also discussed. The main aim is to tackle the question whether plants have been regarded as sentient beings or not. Thus, the article mainly deals with for this purpose the most relevant Buddhist texts, scholars and time periods, namely the ancient layers of the Pali Canon, Japanese esoteric schools (Tendai, Shingon) and contemporary \buddhist preachers. The answer is much more complex than might be expected and varies across texts and scholars. Its extreme poles of 1. a sharp rejection of plants as sentient beings, and 2. plants attaining the nirvana merely by completing the vegetation process are shown., Jakub Kocurek., and Obsahuje bibliografii