Cryptic immigrants are common species incorporated in near-natural biocoenoses that occur only in Holocene, mostly very recent deposits, being absent from older (Pleistocene) formations. This is true of Alinda biplicata, Oxychilus cellarius and other presented species. This also applies to isolated occurrences of Itala ornata or Cochlodina commutata that entered the Bohemian Uplands by aerial dispersal from the south. In the Pleistocene, the very early appearance of some southern species (e.g. Drobacia banatica) from the very be-ginning of the interglacial periods is reminiscent of modern snail invasions. How-ever, the former was initiated by the abrupt increase in temperature and moisture., Vojen Ložek, and 1 barev. fot., 10 čb. fot.
Následující řádky přinášejí informaci o významném buněčném mechanismu, který pomáhá udržovat energetickou rovnováhu buněk v okamžicích náhlého zvýšení požadavku na dodávku energie. Tento mechanismus také usnadňuje přenos energeticky bohatých substrátů v buněčném prostoru k místům jeho spotřeby a je zvláště rozvinutý v buňkách, jejichž požadavky na dodávku energie v průběhu času značně kolísají a jsou schopné vysokého výkonu. Můžeme jej pozorovat ve svalových vláknech, srdečních myocytech, neuronech, ale i ve spermatických buňkách, které se po probuzení k aktivitě pokouší vyhrát závod s ostatními a splnit tím svoji biologickou úlohu., The article presents information on an important cell mechanism that helps to maintain the energy balance in cells at moments when there is a sudden increase in demand for energy supply. This mechanism also facilitates the transfer of energy-rich substrata in cellular space to the locations of its consumption, and it is particularly well-developed in cells that are capable of high performance and their energy requirements vary considerably over time. We can observe it in muscle fibres, cardiac myocytes, neurons and sperm cells., and Jitka Žurmanová.
Puchýřka útlá (Coleanthus subtilis) je vysoce ekologicky specializovaný druh jednoleté trávy (čeleď lipnicovité - Poaceae), rostoucí ve vodních nádržích a tocích po dočasném poklesu vodní hladiny. Přežít na stanovištích, která často podléhají rychlým a nečekaným změnám, jí napomáhá řada adaptací, např. velmi krátký vývojový cyklus (5-7 týdnů) a jeho proměnlivost v závislosti na konkrétních podmínkách prostředí, drobná, snadno šiřitelná semena a tvorba dlouhodobé semenné banky. Je rozšířena na třech kontinentech, avšak nejvíce lokalit je známo z rybníků v České republice, zejména v jihočeských rybničních pánvích a na Českomoravské vrchovině. Vedle příznivé kombinace přírodních faktorů (klima, geologická stavba) se za velkou koncentrací lokalit na našem území nepochybně skrývá pozoruhodná synchronizace životního cyklu puchýřky s po staletí se opakujícím hospodářským cyklem chovu kapra., Coleanthus subtilis, a highly ecologically specialised annual grass species (Poaceae), grows in water bodies and watercourses after a temporary decrease of water level, and shows a range of adaptations to this habitat subjected to fast and unexpected changes (e.g., short life cycle, phenotypic plasticity, small, easily dispersible seeds, long-term soil seed bank). The highest number of sites is known from the Czech Republic (especially South Bohemian fishpond basins and the Bohemian-Moravian Uplands). Besides natural factors (climate, geology), the remarkable synchronisation of Moss Grass life cycle with the farming cycle of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) is undoubtedly the reason for its disjunct distribution., Kateřina Šumberová, Michal Ducháček., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
1_Intraguild predation (IGP) and cannibalism occur in the field and could affect the dominance structure of guilds of coccinellid species. The exotic biological control agent Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is now well established in most areas of Northern and Central Italy, but it is unclear what effect this species could have on native dominant and non-dominant coccinellids with which it co-occurs. In order to predict the trophic interactions in coccinellid guilds and the likely effect of H. axyridis, the incidence of IGP and cannibalism among the following six species were evaluated under laboratory conditions: H. axyridis, three native dominant species, Adalia bipunctata (L.), Oenopia conglobata (L.) and Coccinella septempunctata L. and two native non-dominant species, Platynaspis luteorubra (Goeze) and Scymnus apetzi (Mulsant). Unfed and fed fourth instar larvae of the above species were paired in an experimental arena and the incidence of predation recorded over a period of 24 h. In absence of aphids, the survival probabilities (SP) of A. bipunctata and O. conglobata were lowest when paired with either C. septempunctata or H. axyridis (< 0.20 SP after 24 h). The SP of C. septempunctata was similar if paired with either a conspecific larva or H. axyridis (< 0.34 SP after 24 h) and that of H. axyridis was reduced similarly if paired with either a conspecific larva or C. septempunctata (> 0.71 SP after 24 h). The SP of P. luteorubra was lower when paired with A. bipunctata and C. septempunctata (< 0.07 SP after 24 h) than with other species and that of S. apetzi was greatly reduced when paired with all the dominant and exotic species (< 0.27 SP after 24h)., 2_In presence of aphids no predatory events occurred in most combinations. H. axyridis acted as a strong predator of native dominant and non-dominant coccinellids when the aphids are scarce. We did not find any evidence, however, that the incidence of IGP among exotic and native species is higher than either IGP or cannibalism in native species. The likelihood of IGP occurring in the field is discussed., Gabriele Rondoni, Andrea Onofri, Carlo Ricci., and Obsahuje seznam literatury