This paper deals with an automatic part-of-speech disambiguation of Czech texts containing the word to (E. it) in fixed collocations used especially in spoken Czech, and, moreover, with case identification of the pronominal reading of this word. The word to is ambiguous: the result of automatic morphological analysis of this word is either the pronominal lemma ten (it) as a nominative/accusative singular neuter, or the particle lemma to. It is very difficult to automatically distinguish the nonprepositional nominative and accusative case in Czech texts. Therefore, the paper primarily focuses on to as a particle. The software module performing automatic identification of collocations in Czech corpus texts is part of the automatic morphological rule-based disambiguation used for tagging texts of synchronic Czech in the corpora of the SYN series: it deals mainly with the disam-biguation of nongrammatical collocations and phrases. The paper focuses on fixed ex-pressions listed in the Dictionary of Czech Phraseology and Idiomatics and is based on the description of automatic identification and classification of collocations comprising the word to in the SYN2010 corpus. Also, examples (primarily idioms) are presented where automatic disambiguation using general grammatical rules yields unreliable results.
The article deals with the development of analytic approaches to the use of specific tenses in the indicative mood in German subordinate content clauses, as presented in German linguistics. The author presents the results of her own research based on the examples of subordinate content clauses found in the Mannheim corpus of German texts. According to the latest German scholarship, there are two principles governing the tense distribution in the indicative mood in subordinate content clauses introduced by a verb in the past tense: 1. the perspective of speaker 1, i.e. the point of view of the characters in the story, 2. the perspective of speaker 2, i.e. the point of view of the narrator. The first principle is comparable to the principle governing the use of the tenses in subordinate content clauses in Slavic languages, the second principle is comparable to the sequence of tenses used in English and other Germanic languages. The first principle finds its use more in the spoken or non-standard discourse, the second one is typical for standard German. The present paper focuses on sentences consisting of a past-tense main clause and one embedded content clause that allows the alternation between present tense and preterite (...dass sie schwanger ist vs. ...dass sie schwanger war), as attested in the Mannheim corpus. The analysis essentially confirms the existing approaches and theories but it also brings new findings, which call for adjusting the current views and which pose new questions for more comprehensive corpus-based research. and Článek se zabývá vývojem názorů německé lingvistiky na problematiku užití indikativních časů v nepřímé řeči, resp. šířeji ve větách obsahových v němčině. Ve druhé části článku jsou představeny výsledky krátkého výzkumu, který byl proveden na příkladech vět obsahových získaných z korpusu mannheimského IDS. Podle nejnovějších publikovaných poznatků existují v němčině dva způsoby užití indikativních časů ve větách obsahových uvozených slovesem v minulém čase: a) z pozice mluvčího 1, tj. z perspektivy postav; b) z pozice mluvčího 2, tj. z perspektivy vypravěče. První způsob je srovnatelný se způsobem užití časů ve větách obsahových ve slovanských jazycích, druhý způsob je srovnatelný s časovou sousledností v angličtině a dalších germán-ských jazycích. První způsob se více uplatňuje v mluveném či nespisovném projevu, druhý způsob je typický pro němčinu spisovnou. Analýza souboru vět s řídící větou v minulém čase a jedinou konkrétní závislou větou obsahovou, v níž si konkurují prézens a préteritum (...dass sie schwanger ist vs. ...dass sie schwanger war) z mannheimského korpusu v podstatě potvrdily dosavadní poznatky a teorie, nicméně přinášejí i některé korigující informace, resp. poznatky podněcující k rozsáhlejšímu korpusovému výzkumu.
General consensus in linguistics is that language context (or ''co-text'') plays crucial role in describing linguistic properties of language items. Isolated units are, as a corollary to this statement, inherently ambiguous (polysemous and/or polyfunctional). In this paper we describe the most influential forces leading to disambiguation of language units, specifically the role of n-gram length on its ambiguity.
This article deals with germanisms in Czech. Frequencies of 26 different new High German loanwords were analyzed in the Czech National Corpus. These borrowed words were standing in competition with their Czech synonyms. This comparison is used to study the question of whether germanisms or their equivalents in Czech are more used by native speakers. For this analysis new High German loanwords were deliberately selected in order to verify the actuality of the topic. But the major part of the study was examined in a diachronic period. This shows not only the current situation but in most cases the frequency of the selected loanwords throughout their existence. The calculations of the average frequency are made for each century (since 1650), and also in the recent modern period (from 1947 to 2008). and Článek se zabývá germanizmy v češtině. Prostřednictvím Českého národního korpusu byly zjišťovány různé frekvence 26 novohornoněmeckých výpůjček a jim konkurujících českých synonym. Článek se na základě frekvenčních srovnání snaží odpovědět na otázku, zda čeští rodilí mluvčí preferují germanizmy či dávají přednost jejich českým ekvivalentům. Článek analyzuje nejen aktuální situaci, ale ve většině případů ukazuje frekvenci vybraných germanizmů z diachronního hlediska, po celou dobu jejich existence. Byla vypočtena průměrná frekvence za každé století (od roku 1650), včetně posledního moderního období (od roku 1947 do roku 2008).
This study summarizes a corpus-based analysis of tendencies in register variation of Czech-written fiction texts in the period from 1992 to 2018. The analysis is based on projection of the results from a large sample of Czech prose texts (1070 texts, 12.7 mil. words) on a general register model (established by previous research using multidimensional analysis). The major tendencies found in the material are a decrease of cohesion level, addressee coding and retrospective narration, and increased polythematicity/lexical richness. These findings are supplemented by additional analyses of the role of translation, the position of a text excerpt in the original text (beginning, middle and end) and type of text in the results
This contribution, which in a brief, succint and almost aphoristic way, critically brings forward to the reader a number of problems of today’s corpus and computational linguistics as well as their unsatisfactory solutions, is trying, at the same time, to do away with a number of myths and simplified opinions in the field. and Příspěvek ve stručné a téměř aforizované podobě připomíná řadu kritizovaných problémů a jejich neuspokojivých řešení v dnešní korpusové a komputační lingvistice a snaží se tak odstranit řadu mýtů a zjednodušujících představ.
Large synchronic textual corpora of the Czech National Corpus are built as representative: they contain a balanced quantity of texts of various styles, divided into three genre subcorpora: fiction, technical/scientific literature and journalism. Comparisons of these genres have been performed on phonological and morphological level; in this paper, I deal with differences between genres on the surface-syntactic level. I use an automatic syntactic annotation of the SYN2005 corpus in the formalism of the analytical layer of the Prague Dependency Treebank. I compare the frequencies of syntactic functions of nouns in the three genres represented by the corresponding subcorpora of SYN2005. I also present a more detailed analysis of four syntactic phenomena: subtypes of the function of attribute in non-prepositional genitive; frequencies of groups of the type pan Novák (Mr. Novák); frequencies of the function of agent in passive constructions expressed by nouns in non-prepositional instrumental and the ratio of the expression of the nominal part of a verbal-nominal predicate by nominative and instrumental. Significant differences found between genres in all the syntactic phenomena analyzed show that in comparing corpora one should carefully monitor their genre composition.
On the basis of the material of the corpus SYN, the article deals, at first, with the description of morphologically frozen expressions jakživ, jaktěživ with an adverbial meaning ''never'' in negative clauses, while these expressions are, due to their ending, in syntactic agreement in gender and number with the grammatical subject. Also this agreement in positive clauses, where the frozen expressions mean ''ever (in one’s life)'', is briefly mentioned. However, the principal aim of the article is to show that the syntactic adverbialisation of these expressions in negative clauses causes the disturbance of this agreement, cf. jaktěživo neměl názor ''never in his life had he an opinion'', while there are two possible results of this adverbialisation: the forms of neuter jaktěživo, jakživo are more common in Bohemia, while the forms of masculine jaktěživ, jakživ are used rather in Moravia. The author interprets the frequency of both concordant and non-concordant (frozen) expressions, ordered according to their descending frequency in SYN.