Opakovaný a nezávislý vznik i následná rozmanitost šavlozubých predátorů náležejí mezi nejpozoruhodnější jevy historie života na Zemi. Ti tak představují jedinečný příklad konvergentní evoluce, který zahrnuje celou řadu sdílených, velmi efektivních adaptací, vedoucích k jejich mimořádnému evolučnímu úspěchu. Důvod jejich zániku, ač k tomu v průběhu kenozoika došlo vícekrát, zůstává nejasný a poskytuje tím vděčný námět k četným spekulacím. Naposledy tento zajímavý ekomorfotyp vymizel z přírody zhruba před deseti tisíci lety. Snad ne navždy., Multiple independent origins and great diversity of sabre-tooth predators are one of the most remarkable phenomena in the natural history of life. Sabre-tooth predators provide a unique example of the convergent evolution that involved many kinds of very efficient functional adaptations leading to their unprecedented evolutionary success. The reason for their demise, although occurring repeatedly during the Tertiary, remains unclear and offers a broad matter of speculation. Nevertheless, this interesting ecomorphotype completely disappeared from nature roughly 10,000 years ago, but may be not for ever., and Stanislav Knor.
Ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) are by far the most diversified group of vertebrates on Earth, and there are currently more than 32500 valid species in about 500 families and 72 orders. The diversity of ray-finned fishes has increased dramatically during their evolution, particularly in the modern group of Percomorpha. This also includes high morphological diversity of body shapes. However, in many cases similar morphological structures have evolved in different groups independently (by convergence). Recently, fish phylogeny has been reconstructed based on molecular genetic data, including whole genome sequencing. In this issue we present two articles on general relationships among the main lineages of fishes and the current version of the phylogeny of the ray-finned fishes. and Zuzana Musilová.
Red alga contains four extrinsic proteins in photosystem II (PSII), which are PsbO, PsbV, PsbU, and PsbQ′. Except for the PsbQ′, the composition is the same in cyanobacterial PSII. Reconstitution analysis of cyanobacterial PSII has shown that oxygen-evolving activity does not depend on the presence of PsbQ′. Recently, the structure of red algal PSII was elucidated. However, the role of PsbQ′ remains unknown. In this study, the function of the acceptor side of PSII was analyzed in PsbQ′-reconstituted PSII by redox titration of QA and thermoluminescence. The redox potential of QA was positively shifted when PsbQ′ was attached to the PSII. The positive shift of QA is thought to cause a decrease in the amount of triplet chlorophyll in PSII. On the basis of these results, we propose that PsbQ′ has a photoprotective function when irradiated with strong light., M. Yamada, R. Nagao, M. Iwai, Y. Arai, A. Makita, H. Ohta, T. Tomo., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Three species of Pseudodactylogyrus Gusev, 1965 (Monogenea: Pseudodactylogyridae) were collected from the gills of Anguilla reinhardtii Steindachner and A. australis Richardson from several localities in Australia and eels imported to Japan from Australia. Pseudodactylogyrus gusevi sp. n. from A. reinhardtii (type host) and A. australis in Queensland, Australia is most similar to P. bini (Kikuchi, 1929), but can be differentiated by the shorter male copulatory tube, heavy sclerotisation of the vaginal tube and the presence of a small projection of the supplementary piece of the hamulus. Pseudodactylogyrus rohdei sp. n. from A. australis (type host) in Queensland, Australia is most similar to P. anguillae (Yin et Sproston, 1948), but differs in the possession of a longer cement gland and the presence of a small projection on the supplementary piece of the hamulus. Pseudodactylogyrus bini sensu Gusev, 1965 and P. anguillae sensu Gusev, 1965 are synonymised with P. gusevi sp. n. and P. rohdei sp. n., respectively. Pseudodactylogyrus mundayi sp. n. from A. australis, originating in Tasmania, Australia and sent alive to Japan, is most similar to P. kamegaii Iwashita, Hirata et Ogawa, 2002, from which it can be discriminated by the shorter male copulatory tube and the shorter vaginal tube. Dactylogyrus bialatus Wu, Wang et Jian, 1988 from Synechogobius ommaturus (Richardson) (Gobiidae) is transferred to Pseudodactylogyrus as P. bialatus comb. n. A phylogenetic tree based on the ITS2 region of six species of Pseudodactylogyrus including P. gusevi and P. mundayi shows that P. haze from a goby diverged first, and that species from eels are monophyletic, forming three lineages differing by their zoogeographical distribution. With the three new species and one new combination proposed in this paper, Pseudodactylogyrus is now comprised of eight species infecting anguillid and gobiid fish, and a key to species is presented., Kazuo Ogawa, Makoto Iwashita, Craig J. Hayward, Akira Kurashima., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The last part of this series about UV characters on plant flowers presents UV images of several other common plant species native to the Czech flora. Attention is also paid to the possibility of using herbarium material for research into the UV characters of plants. The article summarizes recently discovered knowledge along with the evolutionary and ecological factors behind the emergence and significance of UV characters on plant flowers, particularly their role in the communication of pollinators. and Pavel Pecháček.
Vnitrodruhová variabilita v chování zvířat, tj. personalita, výrazně ovlivňuje ekologické i evoluční procesy. V tomto článku se pojednává o tom, jak může personalita vzniknout u pavouků a její vliv na potravní sítě., Inter-individual behavioural differences, i.e. personalities, play a very important role in eco-evolutionary processes. Here, we describe how spiders’ personalities arise and how they influence the dynamics of food webs., and Radek Michalko.