Anywhere and anytime we are surrounded by optical fibers although we cannot see them at the first sight. Optical fibers represent one of the fundaments of advanced communications and their development has been pursued a couple of decades. Charles Kuen Kao has been a leading personality of this development and for his groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication he has been awarded one half of Nobel Prize. The optical fibers, their principles and characteristics are presented in this article., Optická vlákna nás obklopují denně na každém kroku, přitom většinou zůstávají skryta našim očím v bludišti kabelových kanálů a sítí. Jsou základním prvkem moderních komunikací a jejich vývoj trval od prvních myšlenek řadu desetiletí. Klíčovou osobností spjatou s tímto vývojem je Charles Kuen Kao, kterému byla za celoživotní dílo a průlomové výsledky v této oblasti udělena Nobelova cena. V tomto díle rubriky "Ve zkratce" se pokusíme vysvětlit základní principy a charakteristiky optických vláken., Ivan Kašík, Pavel Peterka., and Rubrika: Ve zkratce
Světelné víry se objevují v jevech, které jsou v optice známy od počátku 19. století. Je proto překvapivé, že první ucelená práce byla v této tematice publikována až v roce 1974 a výzkum se plně rozvinul v posledních 20 letech. V příspěvku jsou prezentovány jednoduché geometrické představy o světelných vírech a jejich fyzikálních vlastnostech a naznačena podstata základních experimentů a aplikací., Light vortices appear in phenomena that have been known in optics from the early 19th century. It is therefore surprising that any comprehensive work on this topic did not appear until 1974 and that the research has only fully developed during the last 20 years. In this paper, simple geometric ideas about light vortices and their physical properties are presented and the basic of experiments and applications are outlined., Zdeněk Bouchal, Petr Bouchal., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Článek rekapituluje důležité události, které ovlivnily rozvoj optických technologií a optiky od prvního tisíciletí př. Kr. až do roku 1850 po Kr. Poukazuje na zajímavá data a naznačuje, že Mezinárodní rok světla stanovený OSN na rok 2015 má své odůvodnění, nicméně přinejmenším vzhledem ke kontinuálnímu nárůstu nových optických objevů a rozvoji technologíí můžeme světlo slavit trvale., This article summarises the important events which have infuenced the development of optical technologies and optics from the first millennium BC until 1850 AD. The importance of these developments was celebrated in 2015 by the International Year of LIght, an event established by the United Nations. This together with the increasing numbers of new dicoveries and the immense development of optical technologies suggests that light may and should be celebrated permanently., Vladimír Chlup., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The present work showed that spider mite-infested leaves placed in the light were more attractive to predatory mites than the infested leaves placed in the dark; furthermore, an increase in the light intensity enhanced this attractiveness. However, the increase of the light intensity did not change the attractiveness of the uninfested leaves to predatory mites. The capacity of cyanide-resistant respiration and the photosynthetic rates of both the infested and uninfested leaves increased with increasing light intensities, whereas the photosystem (PS) II chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence decreased. The increase of the capacity of cyanide-resistant respiration in the infested leaves was more dramatic than that in the uninfested leaves, whereas the values of photosynthetic rates and Chl fluorescence were lower in the infested leaves than those in the uninfested leaves. Treatment of the infested and uninfested leaves with 1 mM salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM, an inhibitor of cyanide-resistant respiration) decreased photosynthetic rates and caused further reductions in PSII fluorescence, especially under a higher light intensity. In contrast, the effects of SHAM on PSII fluorescence parameters and photosynthetic rates of the infested leaves were more dramatic than on those of the uninfested leaves. The treatment with SHAM did not significantly change the attractiveness of the infested or uninfested leaves to the predatory mites under all of the light intensities tested. These results indicated that cyanide-resistant respiration was not directly associated with the light-induced attraction of predators to plants, but it could play a role in the protection of photosynthesis. Such role might become relatively more important when photosynthesis is impaired by herbivores infestation. and H. Q. Feng ... [et al.].
Všude kolem nás je přítomno reliktní záření, světlo z období konce velkého třesku, které v sobě nese cenné informace o raném vesmíru a o prostředí, kterým k nám procházelo. Při poznávání vesmíru získáváme většinu informací o vzdálených objektech prostředníctvím elektromagnetického záření nejrůznějších vlnových délek. V mikrovlném oboru sledují dnešní specializované sondy nejen nejchladnější zákoutí vesmíru, ale i světlo dávných časů, které se vydalo na svou pouť v období, kdy se ve vesmíru formovaly první atomy., Cosmic microwave background radiation exists all around us. It is the light from the end of the Big Bang, which carries valuable information about the early universe and the environment, throught which it has passed. Most of the Information about distant objects we obtain through electromagnetic radiation at various wavelengths. In the microwave band today‘s specialised probes watch not only the coldest corners of the universe, but also the light from ancient times, which started its journey during the period when electron shells in atoms formed in the universe., Petr Kulhánek., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
This article discusses light propagation in an optical fibre from the point of view of both geometrical and wave optics. We describe the fibre eigenmodes and their wavefronts, evolution of a general state of light along the fibre, and the modes of a bent fibre. Numerous figures are used to illustrate the presented priciples., Tomáš Tyc., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Zlaté sedmeré světlo, vůkol planoucí, duši ti dává směsice barev..., Light was the symbol of the Enlightenment or the Age of Light. The physics of light was widely studied and popularised at that time. The theoretical description of light inspired Maupertuis and Euler to formulate the Principle of the Least Action., Jiří Langer., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Ultrakrátké světelné pulzy, tedy pulzy pikosekundové nebo kratší časové délky, jsou velmi významné ve vědě i ve stále větším počtu aplikací. Uvádíme základní vlastnosti světelných pulzů, způsob jejich generace lasery se synchronizací módů a připomínáme některé oblasti jejich použití., Ultra-short light pulses, with pulses of a picosecond or shorter duration, are very important in science as well as in a growing number of applications. We review the basic properties of these light pulses and techniques for their generation by modelocked lasers. We also describe some of their application areas., Petr Malý., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
At present, chlorophyll meters are widely used for a quick and nondestructive estimate of chlorophyll (Chl) contents in plant leaves. Chl meters allow to estimate the Chl content in relative units - the Chl index (CI). However, using such meters, one can face a problem of converting CI into absolute values of the pigment content and comparing data acquired with different devices and for different plant species. Many Chl meters (SPAD-502, CL-01, CCM-200) demonstrated a high degree of correlation between the CI and the absolute pigment content. A number of formulas have been deduced for different plant species to convert the CI into the absolute value of the photosynthetic pigment content. However, such data have not been yet acquired for the atLEAF+ Chl meter. The purpose of the present study was to assess the applicability of the atLEAF+ Chl meter for estimating the Chl content. A significant species-specific exponential relationships between the atLEAF value (corresponding to CI) and extractable Chl a, Chl b, Chl (a+b) for Calamus dioicus and Cleistanthus sp. were shown. The correlations between the atLEAF values and the content of Chl a, Chl b, and Chl (a+b) per unit of leaf area was stronger than that per unit of dry leaf mass. The atLEAF value- Chl b correlation was weaker than that of atLEAF value-Chl a and atLEAF value-Chl (a+b) correlations. The influence of light conditions (Chl a/b ratio) on the atLEAF value has been also shown. The obtained results indicated that the atLEAF+ Chl meter is a cheap and convenient tool for a quick nondestructive estimate of the Chl content, if properly calibrated, and can be used for this purpose along with other Chl meters., E. V. Novichonok, A. O. Novichonok, J. A. Kurbatova, E. F. Markovskaya., and Obsahuje seznam literatury