MorfFlex CZ 2.0 is the Czech morphological dictionary developed originally by Jan Hajič as a spelling checker and lemmatization dictionary. MorfFlex is a flat list of lemma-tag-wordform triples. For each wordform, full inflectional information is coded in a positional tag. Wordforms are organized into entries (paradigm instances or paradigms in short) according to their formal morphological behavior. The paradigm (set of wordforms) is identified by a unique lemma. Apart from traditional morphological categories, the description also contains some semantic, stylistic and derivational information. For more details see a comprehensive specification of the Czech morphological annotation http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/techrep/tr64.pdf .
A dictionary of morphologically segmented word forms in Czech. Rules of manual segmentation are described in Pelegrinová, K., Mačutek, J., Čech, R. (2021). The Menzerath-Altmann law as the relation between lengths of words and morphemes in Czech. Jazykovedný časopis, 72, 405-414. The dictionary is based on short stories, fairy tales, letters and studies written by Karel Čapek.
A dictionary of morphologically segmented word forms in Czech. Rules of manual segmentation are described in Pelegrinová, K., Mačutek, J., Čech, R. (2021). The Menzerath-Altmann law as the relation between lengths of words and morphemes in Czech. Jazykovedný časopis, 72, 405-414. The dictionary is based on short stories, fairy tales, letters and studies written by Karel Čapek.
Taxonomic analyses of four Sabanejewia balcanica populations from Croatia included morphological (morphometric, meristic, phenotypical) and mitochondrial DNA analyses. Comparative analyses of 24 morphometric characters revealed some differences between populations. The specimens from the Drava River are significantly larger than specimens from other populations, whereas the individuals from the Voćinska River represent the smallest European S. balcanica specimens. Due to similarities in morphometric ratios, in the Tree Diagram of Euclidean distances, the Drava and Petrinjčica Rivers populations formed a separate cluster, while the populations from the Rijeka and Voćinska Rivers formed a second cluster. These morphometrical differences are also corroborated by t-test results. Differences among fishes from different populations also exist in external morphology characters, such as spots on the caudal peduncle and the position of the suborbital spine. Mitochondrial DNA analyses enabled us to infer the phylogenetic placement of four Croatian populations within the genus Sabanejewia. All Croatian samples clustered within the two sublineages of the Danubian-Balkanian complex. Samples from the Voćinska River, as well as one sample from the Drava River were included in the “S. balcanica” (VI) sublineage. The remaining samples, including the two remaining haplotypes from the Drava River, were comprised within “S.montana-S.bulgarica-S.balcanica” (III) sublineage.
Eudiplozoon nipponicum (Goto, 1891) Khotenovsky, 1985 (Monogenea: Diplozoidae), is known to parasitise Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus and species of Carassius. In this study, we conducted a taxonomic re-examination of E. nipponicum using genetic analysis and morphological comparisons from different host species from a single water system. rDNA nucleotide sequences of the internal transcription spacer 2 (ITS-2) region (645 bp) showed interspecific-level genetic differences among diplozoids from species of Carassius and C. carpio (p-distance: 3.1-4.0%) but no difference among those from different species of Carassius (0-0.4%) or between those from C. carpio collected in Asia and Europe (0-1.1%). Large variation was observed among 346 bp cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences (0.3-16.0 %); the topology of the phylogenetic tree showed no relationship to host genera or geographical regions of origin. Morphological observation showed that average clamp size of diplozoids from C. carpio was larger than those from Carassius spp. The number of folds on the hindbody was 10-25 for diplozoids from C. carpio and 12-19 for those from Carassius spp. Thus, our ITS-2 sequence and morphological comparison results indicate that diplozoids from C. carpio and species of Carassius belong to different species. The scientific name E. nipponicum should be applied to the species infected to the type host, Carassius sp. of Nakabo (2013) (Japanese name ginbuna). The diplozoid infecting C. carpio (Eurasian type) should be established as a new species: Eudiplozoon kamegaii sp. n. A neotype of E. nipponicum is designated in this report because the original E. nipponicum specimens are thought to have been lost.
The larval and juvenile development was compared between Lefua echigonia and Lefua sp., both endemic and endangered species in Japan. L. echigonia larvae collected in sunny wetlands were planktonic and swam in the middle to upper layers in lentic waters, whereas L. sp. larvae swam with their abdomen facing toward the substrate along the river bottom in well shaded waters of mountain streams. Larvae and juveniles of both species have a distinct dark band on the lateral side of snout. L. echigonia larvae have melanophores on the dorsal body, gut region, and around the lateral midline, whereas melanophores distribute broadly on the body in L. sp. larvae. Eyes are located more dorsally in larvae of L. sp.: in the ventral view of the head, the eyes of L. echigonia larvae could be seen, but those of L. sp. larvae could not be seen. L. echigonia larvae and juveniles have relatively large eyes and eye diameters were larger than the snout lengths. Lefua sp. larvae and juveniles have relatively small eyes and eye diameters were smaller than the snout lengths. These characters of melanophore distribution, eye size, and eye location are concluded to show adaptation for each habitat.
The morphology of the male salivary glands of eighteen species of Panorpidae from China was studied using light microscopy. The results show that the male salivary glands differ markedly both at generic and specific levels. In Neopanorpa, the salivary glands consist of only two simple long secretory tubes extending to the fifth or sixth abdominal segment, whereas in Sinopanorpa, the salivary glands are composed of six extremely elongated secretory tubes. In Panorpa, the salivary glands are quite diverse, comprising two simple short secretory tubes only extending to the prothorax in the P. amurensis group (P. liui and P. jilinensis), six long tubes in the P. centralis group, eight to twelve in the P. diceras group and of a very variable number in the P. davidi group (especially in P. bifasciata and P. subambra). Morphology of the male salivary glands should be included in future studies on the systematics and phylogeny of the Panorpidae. and Na Ma, Shu-Yu Liu, Bao-Zhen Hua.
The external morphology of two bucephalid digenean parasites of Conger conger (Linnaeus) (Congridae, Anguilliformes) caught northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, Prosorhynchus crucibulum (Rudolphi, 1819) Odhner, 1905 and P. aculeatus Odhner, 1905, were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM techniques elucidated new external morphological details, mainly relating to the tegument and protruding organs, such as, in P. crucibulum, a papilla-like structure associated with the pharynx and, in P. aculeatus, the cirrus. The tegument bears scale-like spines, which in both species are arranged quincuncially. The spines of P. crucibulum are wider than long and cover the major part of the body and rhynchus. However, no spines were found in either the central apical depression of the rhynchus or in the middle of the ventral indentation. Also, spines were rarely seen on the tegument around mouth, around the genital aperture or close to the excretory pore. P. aculeatus has spines of a different shape, as wide as they are long and with a rounded margin. They cover the whole body and almost the entire rhynchus, but none were found in the middle of the rhynchus or on its neck region.
Morphometric variation of individuals in field collected samples of the Hyalopterus pruni complex from various Prunus species and regions of Greece was examined, to determine whether this variation is correlated with the host-trees from which the aphids originated. Morphometric data for 13 parameters of aphids from 74 field samples (760 adult apterae) were analysed by canonical variates analysis (CVA). Each sample was collected from a different tree and consisted of individuals from 2-3 neighbouring leaves from the same branch. Each field sample was used as a grouping factor in the CVA. The analysis produced three clusters corresponding to the taxa indicated by previous studies using allozyme markers (i.e., Hyalopterus pruni on apricot, blackthorn, plum and cherry, H. amygdali A on almond and H. amygdali B on peach). The separation was independent on the geographical origin of the samples. However, host associations within the complex were not absolute, and in particular the samples from apricot appeared to include both H. pruni and H. amygdali A. In contrast to previous views, the present study showed that the taxa have their own distinct morphology. Lastly, discriminant functions for separating the adult apterae of the taxa are given.
Tomicus piniperda and T. destruens are sibling species which are extremely difficult to separate by morphological characters. Although several papers report differences between the two species, many characters need confirmation or better description. Moreover, new morphological characters are required for correct species determination. For these purposes, eight populations of T. destruens from Italy, Greece, Spain and Algeria, and ten of T. piniperda from Finland, Poland, Czech Republic, Austria, Sweden and Italy, were investigated considering eleven morphological characters. The morphological differences most useful for the species separation include four previously described characters (colour of the elytra, colour of the antennal club, distribution of the antennal setae, distribution of the punctures along the elytral declivity), and four new characters (body proportions, setation of the first antennal club suture, sculpture of the elytral declivity and striae density of the pars stridens). Distribution of the two species is discussed and an illustrated key is included.