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193. The Theory of action: Talcott Parsons and after

Creator:
Balon, Jan
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
filozofie, philosophy, action, Parsons, contradiction, system, general theory, conceptual scheme, voluntarism, 5, and 101
Language:
Czech
Description:
This article focuses on the problems and contradictions of sociological theories of action. It investigates critically the development of the theory of action after the Parsonian synthesis, drawing attention to the limitations of articulating the concept of action systematically within a presuppositional framework of analytical theory. Having exposed Parsons general theory of action and some interpretations and criticisms, the paper addresses the so-called “return of grand theory”, spearheaded in the early 1980s by authors such as Alexander, Habermas, Giddens and Luhmann. The article analyses the conceptual innovations introduced by their theories according to Parsons own definition of theoretical work, which - as he said - consists in reconstruction and transformation of categories in the moments of their failure. While it is argued that sociological theory cannot do away with general concepts, it is also argued that these need not have the form of a synthetic theory of action of the kind outlined by Parsons and the Post-Parsonians. and Jan Balon.
Rights:
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194. Theories of vagueness versus fuzzy logic: can logicians learn from philosophers?

Creator:
Fermüller, Christian G.
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
theories of vagueness, fuzzy logic, and philosophy
Language:
English
Description:
Motivated by the fact that logicians and computer scientists working in fuzzy logic hardly seem to take notice of the prolific and broad discourse on vagueness in analytic philosophy, we provide an overview of the most irnportant topics and trends in the ‘vagueness debate’. In particnlar we list a range of different phenornena of vagueness that should be addressed by any full-fledged theory of vagueness. Moreover we propose a classiíication of theories of vagueness and suggest various criteria for their evaluation.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

195. Thomas Nagel o evoluci mysli

Creator:
James Hill
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Filozofie, filozofie, philosophy, Mind, evolution, natural selection, Nagel, Dennett, 5, and 101
Language:
Czech
Description:
This article critically examines the arguments against mechanistic neo-Darwinism offered by Thomas Nagel in his recent book Mind and Cosmos. The author argues, in particular, that Nagel’s recognition of teleology in the evolutionary process should make him less sceptical towards a panpsychist understanding of nature., James Hill., and Obsahuje poznámky a bibliografii
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

196. Three meanings and three assumptions of rationality of human action

Creator:
Horák, Vít
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
filozofie, philosophy, rationality, teleology, rhetoric of economics, Ludwig von Mises, 5, and 101
Language:
Czech
Description:
This text discusses the notion of rationality with respect to economics. First, it states the essential meanings of this notion and then goes on to the possibilities of rationality, which is a synonym for the effectiveness of human action. It distinguishes three types that may correspond to this meaning, where each type is unique and independent of the other two. In the end, it relates the presented typology to the work of Ludwig von Mises. His radical ap¬proach provides for good instruction of the sides of economic thought that I want to call attention to. Economics as a deductive science is interested in very strong assumptions about human action, and ambiguities about the notion of rationality provide for rhetorical tactics that can justify it. Elucidation of the notion and the presented typology of the meanings and assumptions of rationality should contribute to the revelation of these tactics. and Vít Horák.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

197. Three social constructions of historic mobility

Creator:
Möser, Kurt
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
filozofie, philosophy, technology museum, historic objects, social construction of technology, mobility cultures, industrial culture, 5, and 101
Language:
Czech
Description:
The paper argues that serious museal restoration and exhibition of technological objects is competing with private collecting and company museums which have better access to funding. The social construction of artefacts as historic sources and as historic communication media is not exclusive and is seriously challenged by other public approaches to the history of technology. and Kurt Möser.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

198. To prove the evident: On the inferential role of Euclidean diagrams

Creator:
Crippa, Davide
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
filozofie, philosophy, 5, and 101
Language:
Czech
Description:
Diagrams have been rightly acknowledged to license inferences in Euclid’s geometric practice. However, if on one hand purely visual proofs are to be found nowhere in the Elements, on the other, fully fledged proofs of diagrammatically evident statements are offered, as in El. I. 20: “In any triangle the sum of two sides is greater than the third.” In this paper I will explain, taking as a starting point Kenneth Manders’ analysis of Euclidean diagram, how exact and co-exact claims enter proposition I. 20. Then, I will ultimately argue that this proposition serves broader explanatory purposes, enhancing control on diagram appearance. and Davide Crippa.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

199. Transcendence slov (a mlčení obrazů) v kontextu Levinasova myšlení

Creator:
Miloš Ševčík
Type:
article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Filozofie, Levinas, Emmanuel, 1906-1995, filozofie, philosophy, umění, řeč, transcendence, art, language, 5, and 101
Language:
Czech
Description:
Článek se zabývá Levinasovou ideou „transcendence slov“. Sleduje úvahy tohoto autora o rozdílu mezi významem slov ve vztahu k Jinému a rolí slov v estetické události obrazu. Soustřeďuje se na Levinasovo zdůraznění kontrastu mezi tichem obrazu a zvukem dialogu., Dealing with Levinas’s idea of the “transcendence of words”, the article follows his treatment of the difference between the meaning of the words in relation to the Other and the role of the words in the aesthetic event of the image. The focus is on the way that Levinas emphasises the contrast between the silence of an image and the sound of a dialogue., and Miloš Ševčík.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

200. Transcendence slov. O škrtech Michela Leirise

Creator:
Emmanuel Levinas
Type:
article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Filozofie, filozofie, philosophy, 5, and 101
Language:
Czech
Description:
Ve studii „Transcendence slov“ se Emmanual Levinas zabývá charakterem literárního obrazu. Porovnává ho s malbou a zdůrazňuje vizuální povahu obou těchto obrazů. Ticho těchto obrazů je však překonáno skandálem zaznívajících slov, která subjekt nabízí Jinému., In his study ‘The Transcendence of Words’, Emmanuel Levinas deals with the character of the literary image. He compares it with painting and emphasises the visual nature of both these images. However, the silence of both these images is overcome by the scandal of the resounding words which the subject offers to the Other., and Emmanuel Levinas.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public