In this study, the demographic profile of the Roman population buried in Gerulata, southwest Slovakia, is reconstructed. Our research is based on those human skeletal remains, which were anthropologically examined and thus allowed us to partially estimate the mortality pattern of this population, chronologically dated between the 1st and 4th centuries CE. By means of current demographic methods the basic mortality parameters from the estimated life table are compared with different population models, with pacific regard to the identification of potential biases, two of which - the general infant under-representation and the unbalanced sex ration - are further discussed., Lucia Hlavenková, Jaroslava Schmidtová, Tomáš Zeman., and Obsahuje odkazy pod čarou
This study is focused on a social situation in the country between the 17th and 19th century, which is explained on the example of the West Bohemian domain Horšovský Týn. There are described general partition and the rural inhabitants including characteristics of particular social categories and the factual transformation of social stratification in domain Horšovský Týn from the mid-17th till the mid-19th century. The research is based on the information obtained from the evidential sources and the primary literature. The main contribution of this work is the description of social stratification transformation in domain Horšovský Týn on the grounds of its general characterization.
Čínské periferie, často obývané množstvím různorodých nečínských etnik, byly hranicí mezi dvěma odlišnými světy. Čína se povašovala za nositelku civilizace, obyvatele příhraničních regionů vnímala jako součást neprostupné barbarské temnoty. Pohraničí bylo pro Čínu nesmírně důležitou, zároveň však problematickou oblastí. Císařský dvůr vyvíjel na periferie neustálý tlak, jímž se je snažil sevřít do svých kulturních a ideologických vzorců. Vlivní obyvatelé okrajových oblastí byli tímto mocenským centrem zjevně přitahování, sounáležitost s "civilizací" pro ně totiž otevírala mnoho nových ekonomických i politických možností, zároveň však nechtěli opustit své tradice a způsob života. Čína tak musela vyvinout zvláštní a pružný způsob vlády, aby tyto citlivé oblasti nepřímo ovládla a zároveň nemusela na jejich kontrolu vynakládat zbytečně mnoho ekonomických a vojenských prostředků., The present paper outlines the origins, changes and the development of systems of indirect rule in Southwest China. The final stage in the development of this political mechanism was the so-called "native chieftain system" (ch. tusi zhidu), through which the central court managed the peripheral regions of its empire during the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. The paper focuses on the development of these systems of indirect rule from the Zhou dynasty (11th century BC) to the beginning of the 20th century. The native chieftain system was a turning point in the history of the approach to indirect rule, which was implemented by the Mongolians in the 13th century. They took advantage of the Chinese experience with the "haltered and bridled prefectures system" (Ch. jimi zhidu) adding their own features. During the Ming and Qing dynasties many native chieftains (ch. tusi) were agents of the court, through whom the process of sinicization, and therefore colonization, was practiced. These processes were de facto copleted in the first half of the 18th century, during the role of the emperor Yongzheng. The paper further concludes that many of the features of modern national policy of the PRC were inherited from the political and geographical structure of the native chieftain system. Within the paper, relevant terminology has been translated into Czech in order to support future research initiatives., Jan Karlach., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The striped hyaena Hyaena hyaena (Linnaeus, 1758) is globally categorised as “Near Threatened” and is nearly extinct in the Caucasus. In Armenia, the last published record dates back to 1925 and the last trustworthy sighting was in the late 1940s. Here, a dead hyaena is described which was found in 2010 near the Nrnadzor village in the extreme south of Armenia. Its skull was investigated, age was estimated by several methods (cementum layers, tooth eruption, fusion of cranial sutures, pulp cavity closure and tooth wear) and sex was determined from the sagittal, occipital and nuchal crests and by genotyping of skin DNA. The specimen was found out to be a female aged ca. 17-18 months. As this is the age of disperal and females play a pivotal role in the social life of this carnivore, the possibilities for recolonization and establishment of hyaena population in the Meghri district of southern Armenia are discussed. This area holds sufficient prey base and suitable arid landscapes for survival of this species. The recent record of another individual’s fresh tracks on sand near Nrnadzor supports this hypothesis. Usability of different techniques of sex determination and age estimation in the striped hyaena is considered.