Backround: Worldwide, approximately 1 billion people, from which 200250 million are women, smoke. Based on the Estonian Medical Birth Register data, in 2010, 7,5% of pregnant women were smokers, and in 2012, 7% of pregnant women were smoking during their pregnancy. Thus, smoking rates among pregnant women fell only 0,5%. The objective of the research was to find out the views of pregnant women who were smoking during pregnancy of the effect of smoking on the health of them and their babies, and experiences in quitting smoking, changing indicators, e.g. smoking and socioeconomical status (initial exposure to smoking, employment, longterm partnerships etc.) in 20092013. Methods: This research is a phenomenological study, which was being carried out from October 2009 until January 2013. Data collection methods were semistructured interviews with 45 pregnant women smoking during their pregnancy and being registered for antenatal care in three health care institutions of Republic of Estonia. An inductive approach for qualitative analysis was used. Results: Most women smoking during pregnancy started smoking in their teens, their parents smoked, they were under 30 years old housewives or unemployed. On an average of 1120 cigarettes were consumed each day, the pregnancy of the research group did not influence frequency and tobacco intake. The participants in the research group reported that tobacco consumption helped them relax, gave them a chance to spend time in a good company, and it was not regarded as a bad habit but a social addiction, being caused by availability of tobacco products. Although most of them had an opinion about harmful effects of smoking, e.g. a cough, asthma and rapid fatigue, on the health of them and less on their expected babies, they continued smoking. Conclusions: The smoking and socioeconomical status of women smoking during pregnancy in 20092013 has not changed, health awareness of them is low and has not improved. Support groups with close relatives are needed to motivate cessation. In the first place, prevention needs a good example, purposeful cooperation, which starts in daily life context at homes, in educational institutions and in the community. Limiting the availability of tobacco products, postponing and preventing an initial exposure to smoking are thought to be of great importance. The results of the research will be introduced in health care institutions and they can be used in the health promotion process., Urve KaasikAaslav, Mare Vanatoa, Ene Kotka, and Literatura
Podmínkou zdraví, nejenom reprodukčního, je zdravý způsob života vycházející z kvalitní informovanosti. Výsledky současných výzkumů ukazují, že nezdravý způsob života matky/rodičů již před početím dítěte a následně prenatálně hraje roli v etiologii různých poruch zdraví a abnormalit vývoje jedince, které se mohou manifestovat okamžitě, ale také teprve s dlouhou latencí. Znalosti a návyky žen mohou svým poradenstvím významně ovlivnit porodní asistentky prenatálně v kurzech, v optimálním případě již prekoncepčním poradenstvím. Záměrem práce bylo zjistit, jaká je současná situace v oblasti přípravy žen na těhotenství a mateřství, které faktory ji determinují a jaký je její případný benefit. Užito bylo dotazníkového šetření a hodnocení vybraných antropometrických parametrů. Práce zjistila, že příprava žen na těhotenství a mateřství vykazuje značné rezervy projevené nedostatečnou informovaností i výskytem nevhodného či rizikového chování. Výsledky ve většině sledovaných parametrů korelovaly s dosaženým stupněm vzdělání a byly lepší u žen, které se na své těhotenství a mateřství připravovaly. Prenatální kurzy navštěvuje ale celkově malý počet žen, nejméně ženy s nižšími stupni vzdělání, pro které ale paradoxně kurzy přinášejí vyšší benefit., Healthy lifestyle resulting from well-informed parental knowledge is a condition of both reproductive and general health. Results of current studies show that both pre-conceptual and prenatal unhealthy lifestyles of mothers/parents play an important role in the etiology of different health malfunctions and abnormalities in ontogeny. These malfunctions and abnormalities can be manifested either immediately or with a long latency. The knowledge and habits of women can be significantly influenced by midwives in prenatal courses or, optimally, in a pre-conception advisory capacity. The goal of our work was to ascertain the current situation of pregnanacy and maternity preparedness and associated determining factors. A questionnaire survey and evaluation of chosen anthropometrical parameters were used. The study revealed that existing pregnancy and maternity preparation is insufficient, with associated inadequacies or risks in behaviour. In most cases the results correlated with the educational capacity of mothers and were better in cases where the subjects had prepared for their pregnancy and maternity. Prenatal courses are attended by a relatively low number of women and are least attended by women with lower education levels, for whom such courses would yield greater benefits., Radka Wilhelmová, Drahoslava Hrubá, and Literatura